麻雀两性羽色的比较
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摘要
鸟类对色彩有较强的区分能力。基于鸟类视觉模型的研究发现,在人类看来类似的羽色,在鸟类眼中存在差别。本研究通过量化麻雀(Passer montanus saturatus)羽毛的反射光谱以及身体量度和喉部、耳羽的黑色斑块面积,比较其在雌鸟和雄鸟之间的差异。研究发现,麻雀雌鸟和雄鸟的身体量度、喉部和耳羽的斑块面积在繁殖季和非繁殖季均无显著差异。基于鸟类的视觉模型,麻雀头顶、喉部、耳羽、腰部的羽色,在雌鸟和雄鸟间无明显分化。基于上述结果,我们认为麻雀的雌鸟和雄鸟在外形上没有表现出性二型。
Color discriminability in birds is enhanced both by tetrachromacy and colored oil droplets. Most sexually monochromatic passerine birds, from a human visual perspective, were actually sexually dichromatic from an avian visual perspective, based on comparisons of plumage reflectance data using a visual model. In this study, we compared the plumage reflectance, body measurements and patch sizes between male and female Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus saturatus). Totally, 45 individuals(18 males and 27 females) captured in 2014 and fed in the campus of Beijing Normal University were used in this study. In the non-breeding season(15 Jan. 2017) and breeding season(17 Apr. 2017), body size, area of black throat and ear patch, and reflectance spectrums of crown, throat, ear covert and rump were measured from 29 birds each time. Based on multivariate analysis of variance of body measurements(Table 1) and independent t-test of patch sizes(Fig. 1), we found there is no obvious difference between males and females, in both breeding season and non-breeding season. From an avian visual perspective, Tree Sparrow is a sexually monochromatic bird through analysis of bird vision model that based on the plumage reflectance data(Table 2 & 3, Fig. 2). Summarily, there is no sexual dichromatic in Tree Sparrow in our analysis. We wish the above results can provide basic information for the evolution of sexual dichromatism in Old World Sparrows.
Color discriminability in birds is enhanced both by tetrachromacy and colored oil droplets. Most sexually monochromatic passerine birds, from a human visual perspective, were actually sexually dichromatic from an avian visual perspective, based on comparisons of plumage reflectance data using a visual model. In this study, we compared the plumage reflectance, body measurements and patch sizes between male and female Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus saturatus). Totally, 45 individuals(18 males and 27 females) captured in 2014 and fed in the campus of Beijing Normal University were used in this study. In the non-breeding season(15 Jan. 2017) and breeding season(17 Apr. 2017), body size, area of black throat and ear patch, and reflectance spectrums of crown, throat, ear covert and rump were measured from 29 birds each time. Based on multivariate analysis of variance of body measurements(Table 1) and independent t-test of patch sizes(Fig. 1), we found there is no obvious difference between males and females, in both breeding season and non-breeding season. From an avian visual perspective, Tree Sparrow is a sexually monochromatic bird through analysis of bird vision model that based on the plumage reflectance data(Table 2 & 3, Fig. 2). Summarily, there is no sexual dichromatic in Tree Sparrow in our analysis. We wish the above results can provide basic information for the evolution of sexual dichromatism in Old World Sparrows.
引文
Anderson T R.2006.Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow:From Genes to Populations.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Andersson M B.1994.Sexual Selection.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Burns K J,Shultz A J.2012.Widespread cryptic dichromatism and ultraviolet reflectance in the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds:implications of accounting for avian vision in the study of plumage evolution.The Auk,129(2):211-221.
Byers J,Hebets E,Podos J.2010.Female mate choice based upon male motor performance.Animal Behaviour,79(4):771-778.
Cuthill I C,Bennett A T D,Partridge J C,et al.1999.Plumage reflectance and the objective assessment of avian sexual dichromatism.The American Naturalist,153(2):183-200.
Cuthill I C,Partridge J C,Bennett A T D,et al.2000.Ultraviolet vision in birds.Advances in the Study of Behavior,29(8):159-214.
Doucet S M,Hill G E.2009.Do museum specimens accurately represent wild birds?A case study of carotenoid,melanin,and structural colours in long-tailed manakins Chiroxiphia linearis.Journal of Avian Biology,40(2):146-156.
Eaton M D.2005.Human vision fails to distinguish widespread sexual dichromatism among sexually“monochromatic”birds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(31):10942-10946.
Edward D A,Chapman T.2011.The evolution and significance of male mate choice.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,26(12):647-654.
Endler J A,Mielke P.2005.Comparing entire colour patterns as birds see them.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,86(4):405-431.
Hart N S.2001.Variations in cone photoreceptor abundance and the visual ecology of birds.Journal of Comparative Physiology A:Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology,187(9):685-697.
Horak P,Vellau H,Ots I,et al.2000.Growth conditions affect carotenoid-based plumage coloration of great tit nestlings.Naturwissenschaften,87(10):460-464.
Hunt S,Bennett A T D,Cuthill I C,et al.1998.Blue tits are ultraviolet tits.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,265(1395):451-455.
Krüger O.2005.The evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism in hawks,falcons and owls:a comparative study.Evolutionary Ecology,19(5):467-486.
Maia R,Eliason C M,Bitton P P,et al.2013.Pavo:an R package for the analysis,visualization and organization of spectral data.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,4(10):906-913.
Montgomerie R,Hill G E,Montgomerie R.1994.Plumage colour signals nutritional condition in the House Finch.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,258(1351):47-52.
Nakagawa S,Ockendon N,Gillespie D O S,et al.2007.Assessing the function of house sparrows′bib size using a flexible meta-analysis method.Behavioral Ecology,18(5):831-840.
Price J J,Eaton M D.2014.Reconstructing the evolution of sexual dichromatism:current color diversity does not reflect past rates of male and female change.Evolution,68(7):2026-2037.
Schuetz C,Schulze C H.2014.Measuring the eye size of mist-netted birds:a comparison of two non-invasive methods.Journal of Ornithology,155(4):1077-1079.
Seddon N,Tobias J A,Eaton M,et al.2010.Human vision can provide a valid proxy for avian perception of sexual dichromatism.The Auk,127(2):283-292.
Slagsvold T,Lifjeld J T.1985.Variation in plumage colour of the great tit Parus major in relation to habitat,season and food.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,206(3):321-328.
Summers-Smith D.2017.Eurasian Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus)∥del Hoyo J,Elliott A,Sargatal J,et al.Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.
Summers-Smith D,Bonan A.2017.Old World Sparrows(Passeridae)∥del Hoyo J,Elliott A,Sargatal J,et al.Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.
Tobias J A,Seddon N,Spottiswoode C N,et al.2010.Quantitative criteria for species delimitation.Ibis,152(4):724-746.
Villeger S,Novack-Gottshall P M,Mouillot D.2011.The multidimensionality of the niche reveals functional diversity changes in benthic marine biotas across geological time.Ecology Letters,14(6):561-568.
Wang N,Li J,Liu Y,et al.2010.Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species.Chinese Birds,1(1):65-69.
杨灿朝,蔡燕,梁伟.2011.黄喉鹀的羽色与雄鸟质量相关性分析.四川动物,30(1):1-5.
杨灿朝,梁伟.2013.通过光谱与视觉模型研究动物体色.动物学研究,34(6):564-573.
郑光美.2017.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.3版.北京:科学出版社,372-373.
Andersson M B.1994.Sexual Selection.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Burns K J,Shultz A J.2012.Widespread cryptic dichromatism and ultraviolet reflectance in the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds:implications of accounting for avian vision in the study of plumage evolution.The Auk,129(2):211-221.
Byers J,Hebets E,Podos J.2010.Female mate choice based upon male motor performance.Animal Behaviour,79(4):771-778.
Cuthill I C,Bennett A T D,Partridge J C,et al.1999.Plumage reflectance and the objective assessment of avian sexual dichromatism.The American Naturalist,153(2):183-200.
Cuthill I C,Partridge J C,Bennett A T D,et al.2000.Ultraviolet vision in birds.Advances in the Study of Behavior,29(8):159-214.
Doucet S M,Hill G E.2009.Do museum specimens accurately represent wild birds?A case study of carotenoid,melanin,and structural colours in long-tailed manakins Chiroxiphia linearis.Journal of Avian Biology,40(2):146-156.
Eaton M D.2005.Human vision fails to distinguish widespread sexual dichromatism among sexually“monochromatic”birds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(31):10942-10946.
Edward D A,Chapman T.2011.The evolution and significance of male mate choice.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,26(12):647-654.
Endler J A,Mielke P.2005.Comparing entire colour patterns as birds see them.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,86(4):405-431.
Hart N S.2001.Variations in cone photoreceptor abundance and the visual ecology of birds.Journal of Comparative Physiology A:Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology,187(9):685-697.
Horak P,Vellau H,Ots I,et al.2000.Growth conditions affect carotenoid-based plumage coloration of great tit nestlings.Naturwissenschaften,87(10):460-464.
Hunt S,Bennett A T D,Cuthill I C,et al.1998.Blue tits are ultraviolet tits.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,265(1395):451-455.
Krüger O.2005.The evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism in hawks,falcons and owls:a comparative study.Evolutionary Ecology,19(5):467-486.
Maia R,Eliason C M,Bitton P P,et al.2013.Pavo:an R package for the analysis,visualization and organization of spectral data.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,4(10):906-913.
Montgomerie R,Hill G E,Montgomerie R.1994.Plumage colour signals nutritional condition in the House Finch.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,258(1351):47-52.
Nakagawa S,Ockendon N,Gillespie D O S,et al.2007.Assessing the function of house sparrows′bib size using a flexible meta-analysis method.Behavioral Ecology,18(5):831-840.
Price J J,Eaton M D.2014.Reconstructing the evolution of sexual dichromatism:current color diversity does not reflect past rates of male and female change.Evolution,68(7):2026-2037.
Schuetz C,Schulze C H.2014.Measuring the eye size of mist-netted birds:a comparison of two non-invasive methods.Journal of Ornithology,155(4):1077-1079.
Seddon N,Tobias J A,Eaton M,et al.2010.Human vision can provide a valid proxy for avian perception of sexual dichromatism.The Auk,127(2):283-292.
Slagsvold T,Lifjeld J T.1985.Variation in plumage colour of the great tit Parus major in relation to habitat,season and food.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,206(3):321-328.
Summers-Smith D.2017.Eurasian Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus)∥del Hoyo J,Elliott A,Sargatal J,et al.Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.
Summers-Smith D,Bonan A.2017.Old World Sparrows(Passeridae)∥del Hoyo J,Elliott A,Sargatal J,et al.Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.
Tobias J A,Seddon N,Spottiswoode C N,et al.2010.Quantitative criteria for species delimitation.Ibis,152(4):724-746.
Villeger S,Novack-Gottshall P M,Mouillot D.2011.The multidimensionality of the niche reveals functional diversity changes in benthic marine biotas across geological time.Ecology Letters,14(6):561-568.
Wang N,Li J,Liu Y,et al.2010.Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species.Chinese Birds,1(1):65-69.
杨灿朝,蔡燕,梁伟.2011.黄喉鹀的羽色与雄鸟质量相关性分析.四川动物,30(1):1-5.
杨灿朝,梁伟.2013.通过光谱与视觉模型研究动物体色.动物学研究,34(6):564-573.
郑光美.2017.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.3版.北京:科学出版社,372-373.