“家庭式迁移”对中小城市流动人口定居意愿的影响——以温州为例
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摘要
进入"新时代",伴随国家新型城镇化战略的推进,"人的城镇化"的意义愈加重要,对流动人口定居意愿的实证不断增多,但对新趋势"家庭式迁移"的现状与影响尚缺乏系统研究,尤其对于中小城市的实证较少。本文通过对温州流动人口聚居区的深入调查,探讨"家庭式迁移"对流动人口定居意愿的影响。研究发现:流动人口总体定居意愿不强。户籍制度没有显著影响,个人职业、工作稳定性和"家庭式迁移"对流动人口定居意愿具有显著影响。因此,一方面需要强调大城市与中小城市在流动人口定居意愿机制上的差异性,另一方面强调在城市中拥有完整的家庭结构能够有效提升流动人口定居意愿。在新型城镇化和农业转移人口"市民化"背景下,中小城市应抓住"抢人"先机,考虑以家庭为整体的政策设计,激发流动人口定居意愿、提升其定居能力,以此推动实现"以人为本"的城镇化。
Entering the"New Era", along with the promotion of China's new-type urbanization, the meaning of"people-centered urbanization"has become more and more important.How to integrate and citizenize(shiminhua) migrants in Chinese cities is increasingly becoming a significant policy issue. Extensive empirical studies have been carried out on migrants' settlement intention in Chinese cities. However, many studies focused on the institutional barrier created by rural-urban dichotomy, while little attention has been given to the impacts of the current trend of"family migration"on migrants' settlement intention.Particularly, little research on this topic has been done in the small and medium-sized cities.Existing studies found that migrants in different cities have distinct levels of settlement intention, local contexts matter. As such, this paper uses Wenzhou as a case study, to explore the influence of family migration on migrants' settlement intention. The research shows that migrants in Wenzhou did not have a very strong settlement intention. Results from logistic regression models reveal that hukou status has no significant effect on migrants' settlement intention, while individual's occupation, stability of work and family migration have significant impacts on migrants' settlement intention. We argue that individual' s socioeconomic characteristics, instead of intuitional barriers, have become increasingly important for migrants' settlement. Furthermore, the paper points out that it is necessary to emphasize the differences between large cities and medium-sized cities in the mechanism underlying migrants' settlement intention. The existing studies in large cities have found that migrants' intention to stay in the city is largely for maximizing their income. However, our study indicates that migrants' settlement intention in medium-sized cities is not only determined by income, but more importantly by family factors. Migrants with a whole family in the city tend to have higher settlement intention than couple and single migrants do. We suggest that to have a whole family in the city would effectively lift migrants' willingness to settle down. Therefore, in the background of new-type urbanization and civilization of agricultural population, small and medium-sized cities should seize the opportunity to attract talents by considering family-oriented policy design, which would help stimulate migrants' willingness to settle down and also enhance their settlement capacity, and finally achieve "people-oriented urbanization".
Entering the"New Era", along with the promotion of China's new-type urbanization, the meaning of"people-centered urbanization"has become more and more important.How to integrate and citizenize(shiminhua) migrants in Chinese cities is increasingly becoming a significant policy issue. Extensive empirical studies have been carried out on migrants' settlement intention in Chinese cities. However, many studies focused on the institutional barrier created by rural-urban dichotomy, while little attention has been given to the impacts of the current trend of"family migration"on migrants' settlement intention.Particularly, little research on this topic has been done in the small and medium-sized cities.Existing studies found that migrants in different cities have distinct levels of settlement intention, local contexts matter. As such, this paper uses Wenzhou as a case study, to explore the influence of family migration on migrants' settlement intention. The research shows that migrants in Wenzhou did not have a very strong settlement intention. Results from logistic regression models reveal that hukou status has no significant effect on migrants' settlement intention, while individual's occupation, stability of work and family migration have significant impacts on migrants' settlement intention. We argue that individual' s socioeconomic characteristics, instead of intuitional barriers, have become increasingly important for migrants' settlement. Furthermore, the paper points out that it is necessary to emphasize the differences between large cities and medium-sized cities in the mechanism underlying migrants' settlement intention. The existing studies in large cities have found that migrants' intention to stay in the city is largely for maximizing their income. However, our study indicates that migrants' settlement intention in medium-sized cities is not only determined by income, but more importantly by family factors. Migrants with a whole family in the city tend to have higher settlement intention than couple and single migrants do. We suggest that to have a whole family in the city would effectively lift migrants' willingness to settle down. Therefore, in the background of new-type urbanization and civilization of agricultural population, small and medium-sized cities should seize the opportunity to attract talents by considering family-oriented policy design, which would help stimulate migrants' willingness to settle down and also enhance their settlement capacity, and finally achieve "people-oriented urbanization".
引文
[1]陈明星.城市化领域的研究进展和科学问题.地理研究,2015,34(4):614-630.[Chen Mingxing.Research progress and scientific issues in the field of urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(4):614-630.]
[2]陈明星,龚颖华.城镇化系列咨询研究进展与影响.地理研究,2016,35(11):2015-2024.[Chen Mingxing,Gong Yinghua.Research progress and influence of series of consulting reports of urbanization.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2015-2024.]
[3]任远.人的城镇化:新型城镇化的本质研究.复旦学报(社会科学版),2014,56(4):134-139.[Ren Yuan.People-centered urbanization:Essence of the new urbanization.Fudan Journal(Social Sciences),2014,56(4):134-139.]
[4]单卓然,黄亚平."新型城镇化"概念内涵、目标、规划策略及认知误区解析.城市规划学刊,2013,20(2):16-22.[Shan Zhuoran,Huang Yaping.An analysis of the concept,goals,contents,planning strategies and misunderstanding of new urbanization.Urban Planning Forum,2013,20(2):16-22.]
[5]单菁菁.农民工市民化研究综述:回顾、评析与展望.现代城市研究,2014,21(1):18-21.[Shan Jingjing.Research summary on citizenization of migrant workers:Review,comment and prospect.Modern Urban Research,2014,21(1):18-21.]
[6]王玉君.农民工城市定居意愿研究:基于十二个城市问卷调查的实证分析.人口研究,2013,37(4):19-32.[Wang Yujun.Settlement intention of rural migrants in Chinese cities:Findings from a twelve-city migrant survey.Population Research,2013,37(4):19-32.]
[7]朱宇,林李月.流动人口的流迁模式与社会保护:从“城市融入”到“社会融入”.地理科学,2011,31(3):264-271.[Zhu Yu,Lin Liyue.Mobility patterns of floating population and their social protection:Moving from“urban inclusion”to“social inclusion”.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):264-271.]
[8]李玲.改革开放以来中国国内人口迁移及其研究.地理研究,2001,20(4):453-462.[Li Ling.Internal population migration in China since the economic reforms:A review.Geographical Research,2001,20(4):453-462.]
[9]孙中伟.农民工大城市定居偏好与新型域镇化的推进路径研究.人口研究,2015,39(5):72-86.[Sun Zhongwei.Settlement intention of migrant workers in big cities and development path of China's new-type urbanization.Population Research,2015,39(5):72-86.]
[10]刘振东,李丽.上海流动人口的城市定居意愿及其影响因素.规划师,2015,22(S1):289-294.[Liu Zhendong,Li Li.Astudy of the settlement intention of migrants in Shanghai.Planners,2015,22(S1):289-294.]
[11]朱宇,余立,林李月,等.两代流动人口在城镇定居意愿的代际延续和变化:基于福建省的调查.人文地理,2012,27(3):1-6.[Zhu Yu,Yu Li,Lin Liyue,et al.The continuity and change in the urban settlement intention between the two generation migrants.Human Geography,2012,27(3):1-6.]
[12]陈宏胜,王兴平,刘晔,等.“理性”与“感性”之间:上海流动人口迁居意愿研究.现代城市研究,2017,24(7):100-106.[Chen Hongsheng,Wang Xingping,Liu Ye,et al.Between sensibility and rationality:Study on Shanghai migrant's residential mobility intention.Modern Urban Research,2017,24(7):100-106.]
[13]杨传开,刘晔,徐伟,等.中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素:基于CGSS2010的分析.地理研究,2017,36(12):2369-2382.[Yang Chuankai,Liu Ye,Xu Wei,et al.The determinants for peasants'migration intentions of moving to cities in China:An analysis based on the CGSS2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(12):2369-2382.]
[14]刘于琪,刘晔,李志刚.中国城市新移民的定居意愿及其影响机制.地理科学,2014,34(7):780-787.[Liu Yuqi,Liu Ye,Li Zhigang.Settlement intentions of new migrants in China's large cities:Patterns and determinants.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(7):780-787.]
[15]Fan C.Settlement intention and split households:Findings from a survey of migrants in Beijing's urban villages.China Review,2011,11(2):11-41.
[16]李强.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析.中国社会科学,2003,1(5):125-136.[Li Qiang.An analysis of push and pull factors in the migration of rural worker in China.Social Sciences in China,2003,1(5):125-136.]
[17]林李月,朱宇,许丽芳.流动人口对流入地的环境感知及其对定居意愿的影响:基于福州市的调查.人文地理,2016,31(1):65-72.[Lin Liyue,Zhu Yu,Xu Lifang.The environmental perception and its effect on settlement intention of the floating population:A case of Fuzhou city.Human Geography,2016,31(1):65-72.]
[18]Liu Z,Wang Y,Chen S.Does formal housing encourage settlement intention of rural migrants in Chinese cities?A structural equation model analysis.Urban Studies,2016,54(8):1834-1850.
[19]赵向光,李志刚.中国大城市新移民的地方认同与融入.城市规划,2013,37(12):22-29.[Zhao Xiangguang,Li Zhigang.Study on place identity of new migrants in urban China.City Planning Review,2013,37(12):22-29.]
[20]Zhu Y.China's floating population and their settlement intention in the cities:Beyond the hukou reform.Habitat International,2007,31(1):65-76.
[21]朱宇.户籍制度改革与流动人口在流入地的居留意愿及其制约机制.南方人口,2004,19(3):21-28.[Zhu Yu.Households registration system reform and the dwelling willing of floating population in the areas they are dwelling and its restrictive mechanism.South China Population,2004,19(3):21-28.]
[22]盛亦男.中国流动人口家庭化迁居.人口研究,2013,37(4):66-79.[Sheng Yinan.Family migration in China.Population Research,2013,37(4):66-79.]
[23]罗震东,夏璐,耿磊.家庭视角乡村人口城镇化迁居决策特征与机制:基于武汉的调研.城市规划,2016,40(7):38-47.[Luo Zhendong,Xia Lu,Geng Lei.Study on the characteristics and micro-mechanisms of rural residents’migration decision from the perspective of family:Based on the field survey in Wuhan.City Planning Review,2016,40(7):38-47.]
[24]张一凡,王兴平,周军.由“离散”向“耦合”的农村家庭城镇化路径探讨:基于如东县西部城镇的案例研究.现代城市研究,2014,21(12):101-109.[Zhang Yifan,Wang Xingping,Zhou Jun.A discussion on an urbanization path from aggregation to dissociation of rural families:A case study of the western towns in Rudong.Modern Urban Research,2014,21(12):101-109.]
[25]郭江平.农村人口流动家庭化现象探析.理论探索,2005,22(3):56-58.[Guo Jiangping.A discussion about the phenomenon of family migration.Theoretical Exploration,2005,22(3):56-58.]
[26]Fan C,Sun M,Zheng S.Migration and split households:A comparison of sole,couple,and family migrants in Beijing,China.Environment and Planning A,2011,43(9):2164-2185.
[27]何丹,陈小兵,邵宁宁.流动人口家庭迁移及家庭居留的影响因素.城市问题,2016,35(12):94-103.[He Dan,Chen Xiaobing,Shao Ningning.Factors influencing family migration and residence of floating population.Urban Problems,2016,35(12):94-103.]
[28]Leitner H,Sheppard E.Provincializing critical urban theory:Extending the ecosystem of possibilities.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2016,40(1):228-235.
[29]Eric Sheppard,Helga Leitner,Anant Maringanti.Provincializing global urbanism:A manifesto.Urban Geography,2013,34(7):893-900.
[30]邱婴芝,刘义,林赛南,等.二十一世纪西方“比较城市研究”进展与述评.人文地理,2018,33(1):8-15.[Qiu Yingzhi,Liu Yi,Lin Sainan,et al.A review of comparative urban study in the earlier 21st century.Human Geography,2018,33(1):8-15.]
[31]温州人口普查办.温州第六次人口普查资料汇编.温州:温州人口普查办公室,2013.[Wenzhou Municipal Population Census Office.Tabulation On The 2010 Population Census of Wenzhou Municipality.Wenzhou:Wenzhou Municipal Population Census Office.]
[32]张文彤,董伟.SPSS统计分析高级教程.北京:高等教育出版社,2013:162-180.[Zhang Wentong,Dong Wei.SPSSStatistical Analysis Advanced Course.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2013:162-180.]
[33]Zhu Y,Chen W.The settlement intention of China's floating population in the cities:Recent changes and multifaceted individual-level determinants.Population,Space and Place,2010,16(4):253-267.
[34]Cao G,Li M,Ma Y,et al.Self-employment and intention of permanent urban settlement:Evidence from a survey of migrants in China’s four major urbanising areas.Urban Studies,2014,52(4):639-664.
[35]殷俊,刘一伟.工作转换对农民工城市定居意愿的影响.城市问题,2017,36(4):70-76.[Yin Jun,Liu Yiwei.The effect of job transition on migrant workers'willingness to settle in cities.Urban Problems,2017,36(4):70-76.]
[36]冯长春,李天娇,曹广忠,等.家庭式迁移的流动人口住房状况.地理研究,2017,36(4):633-646.[Feng Changchun,Li Tianjiao,Cao Guangzhong,et al.Housing outcomes of family migrants at the place of destination.Geographical Research,2017,36(4):633-646.]
(1)《中国流动人口发展报告2017》发布,性别比趋于平衡.国务院妇女儿童工作委员会(http://www.nwccw.gov.cn/2017-11/13/content_184848.htm)。
(2)所有行政村已在2018年温州“大拆大建”活动中被拆除,因此行政区划也发生了变化。本文的数据收集工作于2013年、2014年开展,因此这里的双屿街道仍指的是“大拆大建”活动之前的双屿。
[2]陈明星,龚颖华.城镇化系列咨询研究进展与影响.地理研究,2016,35(11):2015-2024.[Chen Mingxing,Gong Yinghua.Research progress and influence of series of consulting reports of urbanization.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2015-2024.]
[3]任远.人的城镇化:新型城镇化的本质研究.复旦学报(社会科学版),2014,56(4):134-139.[Ren Yuan.People-centered urbanization:Essence of the new urbanization.Fudan Journal(Social Sciences),2014,56(4):134-139.]
[4]单卓然,黄亚平."新型城镇化"概念内涵、目标、规划策略及认知误区解析.城市规划学刊,2013,20(2):16-22.[Shan Zhuoran,Huang Yaping.An analysis of the concept,goals,contents,planning strategies and misunderstanding of new urbanization.Urban Planning Forum,2013,20(2):16-22.]
[5]单菁菁.农民工市民化研究综述:回顾、评析与展望.现代城市研究,2014,21(1):18-21.[Shan Jingjing.Research summary on citizenization of migrant workers:Review,comment and prospect.Modern Urban Research,2014,21(1):18-21.]
[6]王玉君.农民工城市定居意愿研究:基于十二个城市问卷调查的实证分析.人口研究,2013,37(4):19-32.[Wang Yujun.Settlement intention of rural migrants in Chinese cities:Findings from a twelve-city migrant survey.Population Research,2013,37(4):19-32.]
[7]朱宇,林李月.流动人口的流迁模式与社会保护:从“城市融入”到“社会融入”.地理科学,2011,31(3):264-271.[Zhu Yu,Lin Liyue.Mobility patterns of floating population and their social protection:Moving from“urban inclusion”to“social inclusion”.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):264-271.]
[8]李玲.改革开放以来中国国内人口迁移及其研究.地理研究,2001,20(4):453-462.[Li Ling.Internal population migration in China since the economic reforms:A review.Geographical Research,2001,20(4):453-462.]
[9]孙中伟.农民工大城市定居偏好与新型域镇化的推进路径研究.人口研究,2015,39(5):72-86.[Sun Zhongwei.Settlement intention of migrant workers in big cities and development path of China's new-type urbanization.Population Research,2015,39(5):72-86.]
[10]刘振东,李丽.上海流动人口的城市定居意愿及其影响因素.规划师,2015,22(S1):289-294.[Liu Zhendong,Li Li.Astudy of the settlement intention of migrants in Shanghai.Planners,2015,22(S1):289-294.]
[11]朱宇,余立,林李月,等.两代流动人口在城镇定居意愿的代际延续和变化:基于福建省的调查.人文地理,2012,27(3):1-6.[Zhu Yu,Yu Li,Lin Liyue,et al.The continuity and change in the urban settlement intention between the two generation migrants.Human Geography,2012,27(3):1-6.]
[12]陈宏胜,王兴平,刘晔,等.“理性”与“感性”之间:上海流动人口迁居意愿研究.现代城市研究,2017,24(7):100-106.[Chen Hongsheng,Wang Xingping,Liu Ye,et al.Between sensibility and rationality:Study on Shanghai migrant's residential mobility intention.Modern Urban Research,2017,24(7):100-106.]
[13]杨传开,刘晔,徐伟,等.中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素:基于CGSS2010的分析.地理研究,2017,36(12):2369-2382.[Yang Chuankai,Liu Ye,Xu Wei,et al.The determinants for peasants'migration intentions of moving to cities in China:An analysis based on the CGSS2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(12):2369-2382.]
[14]刘于琪,刘晔,李志刚.中国城市新移民的定居意愿及其影响机制.地理科学,2014,34(7):780-787.[Liu Yuqi,Liu Ye,Li Zhigang.Settlement intentions of new migrants in China's large cities:Patterns and determinants.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(7):780-787.]
[15]Fan C.Settlement intention and split households:Findings from a survey of migrants in Beijing's urban villages.China Review,2011,11(2):11-41.
[16]李强.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析.中国社会科学,2003,1(5):125-136.[Li Qiang.An analysis of push and pull factors in the migration of rural worker in China.Social Sciences in China,2003,1(5):125-136.]
[17]林李月,朱宇,许丽芳.流动人口对流入地的环境感知及其对定居意愿的影响:基于福州市的调查.人文地理,2016,31(1):65-72.[Lin Liyue,Zhu Yu,Xu Lifang.The environmental perception and its effect on settlement intention of the floating population:A case of Fuzhou city.Human Geography,2016,31(1):65-72.]
[18]Liu Z,Wang Y,Chen S.Does formal housing encourage settlement intention of rural migrants in Chinese cities?A structural equation model analysis.Urban Studies,2016,54(8):1834-1850.
[19]赵向光,李志刚.中国大城市新移民的地方认同与融入.城市规划,2013,37(12):22-29.[Zhao Xiangguang,Li Zhigang.Study on place identity of new migrants in urban China.City Planning Review,2013,37(12):22-29.]
[20]Zhu Y.China's floating population and their settlement intention in the cities:Beyond the hukou reform.Habitat International,2007,31(1):65-76.
[21]朱宇.户籍制度改革与流动人口在流入地的居留意愿及其制约机制.南方人口,2004,19(3):21-28.[Zhu Yu.Households registration system reform and the dwelling willing of floating population in the areas they are dwelling and its restrictive mechanism.South China Population,2004,19(3):21-28.]
[22]盛亦男.中国流动人口家庭化迁居.人口研究,2013,37(4):66-79.[Sheng Yinan.Family migration in China.Population Research,2013,37(4):66-79.]
[23]罗震东,夏璐,耿磊.家庭视角乡村人口城镇化迁居决策特征与机制:基于武汉的调研.城市规划,2016,40(7):38-47.[Luo Zhendong,Xia Lu,Geng Lei.Study on the characteristics and micro-mechanisms of rural residents’migration decision from the perspective of family:Based on the field survey in Wuhan.City Planning Review,2016,40(7):38-47.]
[24]张一凡,王兴平,周军.由“离散”向“耦合”的农村家庭城镇化路径探讨:基于如东县西部城镇的案例研究.现代城市研究,2014,21(12):101-109.[Zhang Yifan,Wang Xingping,Zhou Jun.A discussion on an urbanization path from aggregation to dissociation of rural families:A case study of the western towns in Rudong.Modern Urban Research,2014,21(12):101-109.]
[25]郭江平.农村人口流动家庭化现象探析.理论探索,2005,22(3):56-58.[Guo Jiangping.A discussion about the phenomenon of family migration.Theoretical Exploration,2005,22(3):56-58.]
[26]Fan C,Sun M,Zheng S.Migration and split households:A comparison of sole,couple,and family migrants in Beijing,China.Environment and Planning A,2011,43(9):2164-2185.
[27]何丹,陈小兵,邵宁宁.流动人口家庭迁移及家庭居留的影响因素.城市问题,2016,35(12):94-103.[He Dan,Chen Xiaobing,Shao Ningning.Factors influencing family migration and residence of floating population.Urban Problems,2016,35(12):94-103.]
[28]Leitner H,Sheppard E.Provincializing critical urban theory:Extending the ecosystem of possibilities.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2016,40(1):228-235.
[29]Eric Sheppard,Helga Leitner,Anant Maringanti.Provincializing global urbanism:A manifesto.Urban Geography,2013,34(7):893-900.
[30]邱婴芝,刘义,林赛南,等.二十一世纪西方“比较城市研究”进展与述评.人文地理,2018,33(1):8-15.[Qiu Yingzhi,Liu Yi,Lin Sainan,et al.A review of comparative urban study in the earlier 21st century.Human Geography,2018,33(1):8-15.]
[31]温州人口普查办.温州第六次人口普查资料汇编.温州:温州人口普查办公室,2013.[Wenzhou Municipal Population Census Office.Tabulation On The 2010 Population Census of Wenzhou Municipality.Wenzhou:Wenzhou Municipal Population Census Office.]
[32]张文彤,董伟.SPSS统计分析高级教程.北京:高等教育出版社,2013:162-180.[Zhang Wentong,Dong Wei.SPSSStatistical Analysis Advanced Course.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2013:162-180.]
[33]Zhu Y,Chen W.The settlement intention of China's floating population in the cities:Recent changes and multifaceted individual-level determinants.Population,Space and Place,2010,16(4):253-267.
[34]Cao G,Li M,Ma Y,et al.Self-employment and intention of permanent urban settlement:Evidence from a survey of migrants in China’s four major urbanising areas.Urban Studies,2014,52(4):639-664.
[35]殷俊,刘一伟.工作转换对农民工城市定居意愿的影响.城市问题,2017,36(4):70-76.[Yin Jun,Liu Yiwei.The effect of job transition on migrant workers'willingness to settle in cities.Urban Problems,2017,36(4):70-76.]
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(1)《中国流动人口发展报告2017》发布,性别比趋于平衡.国务院妇女儿童工作委员会(http://www.nwccw.gov.cn/2017-11/13/content_184848.htm)。
(2)所有行政村已在2018年温州“大拆大建”活动中被拆除,因此行政区划也发生了变化。本文的数据收集工作于2013年、2014年开展,因此这里的双屿街道仍指的是“大拆大建”活动之前的双屿。