上海城乡绿地网络规划建设的历史进程与驱动力研究
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摘要
为研究中国先进的城乡绿地规划理念与建设成果,选取上海为研究对象,以城市建设背景变化及绿地格局重大变革为转折,将城乡绿地网络建设划分为6个阶段,通过历史地图、统计资料的收集及田野调查,重点梳理绿地网络规划建设历史进程并对比6个阶段绿地建设的时代背景、规划编制、规划布局及建设成果,进而从经济支持、政策引导和事件推动3方面探讨绿地建设主要驱动力。由此总结上海城乡绿地网络主要特征及控制、连接、拓展、更新和融合五大整合策略,为其他城市绿地建设提供理论依据。
To study the advanced concept of urban and rural green space planning and construction achievements of China, Shanghai was taken as the object of research. The urban and rural green space network construction was divided into six stages based on changes in urban construction background and major changes in the pattern of green space under the research methods of collecting related data and making field investigation, and the historical process of planning and construction of green space network was combined as a priority. Then construction background, green space planning preparation, planning layout and green space construction pattern of six stages were compared. The driving forces of green space construction were explored from the aspects of economic support, policy guidance and event promotion. Finally, the main features of urban and rural green space network and five strategies of green space integration were summarized, which were control, connection, expansion, updating and merging, in order to provide theoretical basis for other cities.
To study the advanced concept of urban and rural green space planning and construction achievements of China, Shanghai was taken as the object of research. The urban and rural green space network construction was divided into six stages based on changes in urban construction background and major changes in the pattern of green space under the research methods of collecting related data and making field investigation, and the historical process of planning and construction of green space network was combined as a priority. Then construction background, green space planning preparation, planning layout and green space construction pattern of six stages were compared. The driving forces of green space construction were explored from the aspects of economic support, policy guidance and event promotion. Finally, the main features of urban and rural green space network and five strategies of green space integration were summarized, which were control, connection, expansion, updating and merging, in order to provide theoretical basis for other cities.
引文
[1]温全平.城乡统筹背景下绿地系统规划的若干问题探讨[J].风景园林,2013(6):144-148.WEN Quanping.Discussion on Several Problems of Greenland System Planning under the Background of Overall Urban-rural Planning[J].Landscape Architecture,2013(6):144-148.
[2]刘颂,姜允芳.城乡统筹视角下再论城市绿地分类[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2009,27(3):272-278.LIU Song,JIANG Yunfang.Reconsideration of Urban Greenland Classification from the Perspective of Urbanrural Integration[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University.(Agricultural Science Edition),2009,27(3):272-278.
[3]杜钦,侯颖,王开运,等.国外绿地规划建设实践对城乡绿色空间的启示[J].城市规划,2008(8):74-80.DU Qin,HOU Ying,WANG Kaiyun,et al.The Enlightenment of the Planning and Construction Practice of Foreign Greenland to the Green Space in Urban and Rural Areas[J].City Planning Review,2008(8):74-80.
[4]刘蕾.城乡绿地系统规划发展研究综述[J].中外建筑,2015(4):90-91.LIU Lei.A Summary of Researches on Planning and Development of Urban and Rural Green Space System[J].Chinese and Overseas Architecture,2015(4):90-91.
[5]上海市地方志办公室.上海通志:第二卷[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4563/index.html.Shanghai Local Chronicle Office.Shanghai Tongzhi:Volume II[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4563/index.html.
[6]张浪,李静,傅莉.城市绿地系统布局结构进化特征及趋势研究:以上海为例[J].城市规划,2009(3):32-36.ZHANG Lang,LI Jing,FU Li.Research on the Evolutionary Features and Trends of Urban Green Space System Layout Structure:A Case Study of Shanghai[J].City Planning Review,2009(3):32-36.
[7]马云安.绿色的跨越:上海风景园林60年[J].中国园林,2009,25(10):26-29.MA Yunan.Green Leap:60 Years of Shanghai Landscape Architecture[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2009,25(10):26-29.
[8]张浪.上海市基本生态网络规划发展目标体系的研究[J].上海建设科技,2013(1):47-49.ZHANG Lang.Research on Development Target System of Basic Ecological Network Planning in Shanghai[J].Shanghai Construction Technology,2013(1):47-49.
[9]张浪.上海市基本生态网络规划特点的研究[J].中国园林,2014(6):42-46.ZHANG Lang.Research on the Characteristics of Basic Ecological Network Planning in Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014(6):42-46.
[10]郭淳彬,徐闻闻.上海市基本生态网络规划及实施研究[J].上海城市规划,2012(6):55-59.GUO Chunbin,XU Wenwen.Research on Basic Ecological Network Planning and Implementation in Shanghai[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2012(6):55-59.
[11]车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(4):322-327.C H E S h e n g q u a n,S O N G Yo n g c h a n g.A n a l y s i s o f L a n d s c a p e Pa t t e r n o f U r b a n Pa r k G r e e n S p a c e i n Shanghai[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science Edition),2002,20(4):322-327.
[12]芮建勋.上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究[J].生态科学,2006,25(6):489-492.RUI Jianxun.Spatial Pattern of Urban Greenland Landscape in Shanghai[J].Ecological Science,2006,25(6):489-492.
[13]朱钧珍.中国近代园林史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.ZHU Yunzhen,History of Modern Chinese Garden[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2012.
[14]程绪珂.上海园林志[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2000.CHENG Xuke.Shanghai Garden Records[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2000.
[15]李百浩,郭建,黄亚平.上海近代城市规划历史及其范型研究(1843—1949)[J].城市规划学刊,2006(6):89-97.LI Baihao,GUO Jian,HUANG Yaping.Study on the History and Paradigm of Modern Urban Planning in Shanghai(1843—1949)[J].Urban Planning Forum,2006(6):89-97.
[16]上海地方志办公室.卫星安亭城和郊区城镇规划[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/index.html.Shanghai local chronicle Office.Satellite Anting City and Suburban Town Planning[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/index.html.
[17]张浪.特大型城市绿地系统布局结构及其构建研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.ZHANG Lang.Study on the Layout and Structure of Extralarge Urban Greenland System[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2007.
[18]洪崇恩.绿色与灰色的较量:上海城市绿化五十年的艰辛历程[J].中国花卉园艺,2003(23):4-8.HONG Chongen.Green vs.Grey:The Hard Course of Urban Greening in Shanghai for 50 Years[J].Chinese Flower Gardening,2003(23):4-8.
[19]程绪珂,康味菊.上海市浦东新区绿地系统规划(2000—2020年)[J].上海建设科技,1996(4):43-45.CHENG Xuke,KANG Weiju.Shanghai Pudong New Area Green Space System Planning(2000—2020)[J].Shanghai Construction Technology,1996(4):43-45.
[20]胡运骅.上海市绿地系统规划的制订、实施和修编[J].风景园林,2005(4):29-32.HU Yunhua.The formulation,implementation and revision of Shanghai green space system planning[J].Landscape Architecture,2005(4):29-32.
[21]鹿金东,吴国强,余思澄,等.上海环城绿带建设实践初析[J].中国园林,1999(2):46-48.LU Jindong,WU Guoqiang,YU Sicheng,et al.A Preliminary Analysis of the Construction Practice of Green Belt around Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,1999(2):46-48.
[22]袁也.城市总体布局规划实施过程中的政策分析框架:以上海外环绿带为例[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):39-45.YUAN Ye.The Framework of Policy Analysis in the Implementation of Urban Overall Layout Planning:An Example of Outer Ring Green Belt of Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(4):39-45.
[23]王志军.上海“一城九镇”空间结构及形态类型研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.WANG Zhijun.Study on the Spatial Structure and Form Type of“One City and Nine Towns”in Shanghai[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2007.
[24]徐慧为.论上海老公园改造指导思想[D].上海:上海交通大学,2009.XU Huiwei.Discussion on the guiding ideology of the renovation of old parks in Shanghai[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2009.
[25]刘滨谊,刘悦来.以人为本的景观绿地规划:中国2010年上海世博会景观绿地控制性规划研究[J].规划师,2006,22(7):47-50.L I U B i n y i,L I U Yu e l a i.H u m a n-O r i e n t e d L a n d s c a p e Greenland Planning:A Study of the Control Plan for Landscape Greenland in 2010 Shanghai World Expo[J].Planners,2006,22(7):47-50.
[26]张昢.大都市郊区新城绿地系统规划研究:以上海市松江新城绿地系统规划为例[D].上海:上海交通大学,2014.ZHANG Po.Research on the Planning of New City Green Space System in Metropolitan Outskirts:Taking the Planning of Songjiang New City Green Space System in Shanghai as an Example[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2014.
[27]上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海市城市总体规划(2040)[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.supdri.com.Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Institute.Shanghai City Master Plan(2040)[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.supdri.com.
(1)图1作者改绘自《上海老地图系列(1935)》;图2作者改绘自《上海市交通图(1989年)》;图3作者改绘自参考文献[20];图4作者改绘自参考文献[22];图5作者改绘自《松江新城总体规划修改2010-2020》;图6引自《提升城市功能,优化空间布局:‘上海市嘉定新城主城区总体规划修改(2009-2020年)’介绍》;图7改绘自参考文献[9];图8作者自绘,底图来自《关于上海市基本生态网络规划主要内容的公示》;图9作者自绘,底图来自百度地图;图10改绘自参考文献[27];图11~14作者自绘,数据来自《上海统计年鉴》。
(2)表1为作者自绘。
[2]刘颂,姜允芳.城乡统筹视角下再论城市绿地分类[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2009,27(3):272-278.LIU Song,JIANG Yunfang.Reconsideration of Urban Greenland Classification from the Perspective of Urbanrural Integration[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University.(Agricultural Science Edition),2009,27(3):272-278.
[3]杜钦,侯颖,王开运,等.国外绿地规划建设实践对城乡绿色空间的启示[J].城市规划,2008(8):74-80.DU Qin,HOU Ying,WANG Kaiyun,et al.The Enlightenment of the Planning and Construction Practice of Foreign Greenland to the Green Space in Urban and Rural Areas[J].City Planning Review,2008(8):74-80.
[4]刘蕾.城乡绿地系统规划发展研究综述[J].中外建筑,2015(4):90-91.LIU Lei.A Summary of Researches on Planning and Development of Urban and Rural Green Space System[J].Chinese and Overseas Architecture,2015(4):90-91.
[5]上海市地方志办公室.上海通志:第二卷[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4563/index.html.Shanghai Local Chronicle Office.Shanghai Tongzhi:Volume II[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4563/index.html.
[6]张浪,李静,傅莉.城市绿地系统布局结构进化特征及趋势研究:以上海为例[J].城市规划,2009(3):32-36.ZHANG Lang,LI Jing,FU Li.Research on the Evolutionary Features and Trends of Urban Green Space System Layout Structure:A Case Study of Shanghai[J].City Planning Review,2009(3):32-36.
[7]马云安.绿色的跨越:上海风景园林60年[J].中国园林,2009,25(10):26-29.MA Yunan.Green Leap:60 Years of Shanghai Landscape Architecture[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2009,25(10):26-29.
[8]张浪.上海市基本生态网络规划发展目标体系的研究[J].上海建设科技,2013(1):47-49.ZHANG Lang.Research on Development Target System of Basic Ecological Network Planning in Shanghai[J].Shanghai Construction Technology,2013(1):47-49.
[9]张浪.上海市基本生态网络规划特点的研究[J].中国园林,2014(6):42-46.ZHANG Lang.Research on the Characteristics of Basic Ecological Network Planning in Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014(6):42-46.
[10]郭淳彬,徐闻闻.上海市基本生态网络规划及实施研究[J].上海城市规划,2012(6):55-59.GUO Chunbin,XU Wenwen.Research on Basic Ecological Network Planning and Implementation in Shanghai[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2012(6):55-59.
[11]车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(4):322-327.C H E S h e n g q u a n,S O N G Yo n g c h a n g.A n a l y s i s o f L a n d s c a p e Pa t t e r n o f U r b a n Pa r k G r e e n S p a c e i n Shanghai[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science Edition),2002,20(4):322-327.
[12]芮建勋.上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究[J].生态科学,2006,25(6):489-492.RUI Jianxun.Spatial Pattern of Urban Greenland Landscape in Shanghai[J].Ecological Science,2006,25(6):489-492.
[13]朱钧珍.中国近代园林史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.ZHU Yunzhen,History of Modern Chinese Garden[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2012.
[14]程绪珂.上海园林志[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2000.CHENG Xuke.Shanghai Garden Records[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2000.
[15]李百浩,郭建,黄亚平.上海近代城市规划历史及其范型研究(1843—1949)[J].城市规划学刊,2006(6):89-97.LI Baihao,GUO Jian,HUANG Yaping.Study on the History and Paradigm of Modern Urban Planning in Shanghai(1843—1949)[J].Urban Planning Forum,2006(6):89-97.
[16]上海地方志办公室.卫星安亭城和郊区城镇规划[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/index.html.Shanghai local chronicle Office.Satellite Anting City and Suburban Town Planning[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/index.html.
[17]张浪.特大型城市绿地系统布局结构及其构建研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.ZHANG Lang.Study on the Layout and Structure of Extralarge Urban Greenland System[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2007.
[18]洪崇恩.绿色与灰色的较量:上海城市绿化五十年的艰辛历程[J].中国花卉园艺,2003(23):4-8.HONG Chongen.Green vs.Grey:The Hard Course of Urban Greening in Shanghai for 50 Years[J].Chinese Flower Gardening,2003(23):4-8.
[19]程绪珂,康味菊.上海市浦东新区绿地系统规划(2000—2020年)[J].上海建设科技,1996(4):43-45.CHENG Xuke,KANG Weiju.Shanghai Pudong New Area Green Space System Planning(2000—2020)[J].Shanghai Construction Technology,1996(4):43-45.
[20]胡运骅.上海市绿地系统规划的制订、实施和修编[J].风景园林,2005(4):29-32.HU Yunhua.The formulation,implementation and revision of Shanghai green space system planning[J].Landscape Architecture,2005(4):29-32.
[21]鹿金东,吴国强,余思澄,等.上海环城绿带建设实践初析[J].中国园林,1999(2):46-48.LU Jindong,WU Guoqiang,YU Sicheng,et al.A Preliminary Analysis of the Construction Practice of Green Belt around Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,1999(2):46-48.
[22]袁也.城市总体布局规划实施过程中的政策分析框架:以上海外环绿带为例[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):39-45.YUAN Ye.The Framework of Policy Analysis in the Implementation of Urban Overall Layout Planning:An Example of Outer Ring Green Belt of Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(4):39-45.
[23]王志军.上海“一城九镇”空间结构及形态类型研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.WANG Zhijun.Study on the Spatial Structure and Form Type of“One City and Nine Towns”in Shanghai[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2007.
[24]徐慧为.论上海老公园改造指导思想[D].上海:上海交通大学,2009.XU Huiwei.Discussion on the guiding ideology of the renovation of old parks in Shanghai[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2009.
[25]刘滨谊,刘悦来.以人为本的景观绿地规划:中国2010年上海世博会景观绿地控制性规划研究[J].规划师,2006,22(7):47-50.L I U B i n y i,L I U Yu e l a i.H u m a n-O r i e n t e d L a n d s c a p e Greenland Planning:A Study of the Control Plan for Landscape Greenland in 2010 Shanghai World Expo[J].Planners,2006,22(7):47-50.
[26]张昢.大都市郊区新城绿地系统规划研究:以上海市松江新城绿地系统规划为例[D].上海:上海交通大学,2014.ZHANG Po.Research on the Planning of New City Green Space System in Metropolitan Outskirts:Taking the Planning of Songjiang New City Green Space System in Shanghai as an Example[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2014.
[27]上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海市城市总体规划(2040)[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.supdri.com.Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Institute.Shanghai City Master Plan(2040)[EB/OL].[2017-10-20].http://www.supdri.com.
(1)图1作者改绘自《上海老地图系列(1935)》;图2作者改绘自《上海市交通图(1989年)》;图3作者改绘自参考文献[20];图4作者改绘自参考文献[22];图5作者改绘自《松江新城总体规划修改2010-2020》;图6引自《提升城市功能,优化空间布局:‘上海市嘉定新城主城区总体规划修改(2009-2020年)’介绍》;图7改绘自参考文献[9];图8作者自绘,底图来自《关于上海市基本生态网络规划主要内容的公示》;图9作者自绘,底图来自百度地图;图10改绘自参考文献[27];图11~14作者自绘,数据来自《上海统计年鉴》。
(2)表1为作者自绘。