唐代前期武官考课制度简论
|
摘要
唐代前期,中央集权,军队战斗力强大,武官管理制度严密完备。《考课令》是唐代前期武官考课制度的基本法源,考课的管理机构是尚书省吏部及其内设机构考功司,主要负责考核四品及以下的武官,三品以上的武官由皇帝亲自或者派专人负责考课,考课的军官主要分布在南衙十六卫、边防镇戍军、北衙禁军,考课的主要内容有考课时间、程序、标准、考第等。武官考课制度总体上得到贯彻执行,对保持军队的战斗力和国家政治稳定具有积极效果。
In the early Tang Dynasty,the centralized military power was strong,and military officer management system was strict and complete. The Merit Statutes was the basic source of the military officer merit system in the early Tang Dynasty. The governing body of the merit was the Chancery the Ministry of Personnel and its internal organs,the Secretary for Test Function,mainly responsible for the assessment of four grades and the following military officer,and the military officers of three grades or above were merited by the Emperor in person or sent someone else to responsible. The military officers were mainly distributed in the South Ya sixteen guards,the frontier army,the North Ya imperial guards. The main contents were the merit time,procedures,standards,merit rank and so on. The military officer merit system in general was carried out,and had a positive effect in maintaining the army's combat capabilities and the country's political stability.
In the early Tang Dynasty,the centralized military power was strong,and military officer management system was strict and complete. The Merit Statutes was the basic source of the military officer merit system in the early Tang Dynasty. The governing body of the merit was the Chancery the Ministry of Personnel and its internal organs,the Secretary for Test Function,mainly responsible for the assessment of four grades and the following military officer,and the military officers of three grades or above were merited by the Emperor in person or sent someone else to responsible. The military officers were mainly distributed in the South Ya sixteen guards,the frontier army,the North Ya imperial guards. The main contents were the merit time,procedures,standards,merit rank and so on. The military officer merit system in general was carried out,and had a positive effect in maintaining the army's combat capabilities and the country's political stability.
引文
[1]胡戟等.二十世纪唐研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002:86-137.
[2]雷闻.俄藏敦煌Дх.06521残卷考释[J].敦煌学辑刊.2001:1-3.
[3]史睿.唐代外官考课的法律程序[M]//文津学志.北京:北京图书馆出版社,2003:125-137.
[4]刘琴丽.唐代武官选任制度初探[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
[5]瞿同祖.中国法律与中国社会[M].北京:中华书局,2010:2.
[6]李林甫等撰,陆仲夫点校.唐六典[M].北京:中华书局,1992.
[7]欧阳修.新唐书[M].北京:中华书局,1975:1407.
[8]刘俊文.敦煌吐鲁番唐代法制文书考释[M].北京:中华书局,1989:1-3.
[9]仁井田陞.唐令拾遗[M].栗劲等,编译.长春:长春出版社,1989.
[10]仁井田陞.唐令拾遗补[M].池田温编集代表.东京:东京大学出版会,1997.
[11]严耕望.论唐代尚书省之职权与地位[G]//严耕望.严耕望史学论文选集.北京:中华书局,2005:139-205.
[12]杜佑通典[M].北京:中华书局,1984:107.
[13]王永兴.唐代前期军事史略论稿[M].北京:昆仑出版社,2003:198-432.
[14]马克斯·韦伯.韦伯文集[M].韩水法,编译.北京:中国广播电视出版社,2000:175-178.
(1)关于唐代律令体制的研究概况,见大津透《唐日律令制的比较研究——学术史的概观和近年研究的介绍》,载《唐研究》第十四卷,北京大学出版社,2008年,第121至138页。
(2)相关论考见于氏著《法制史论集》,东京:岩波书店,1964年。其中《支那における律令法系の発达について》一文的中译节本见何勤华主编《律学考》,《论支那律令法系的发达——兼论汉唐间的律学》,商务印书馆,2004年。又参见仁井田陞《东亚法典的形成》,载《唐令拾遗补》,中译本见《法制与社会发展》,2003年第1期。
(3)两书之后唐令复原的最重要成果《天一阁藏明钞本天圣令校证(附唐令复原研究)》中的“不行之令”,即唐开元二十五年令十二篇中没有考课令。
(4)仁井田陞复原的唐开元考课令,《唐令拾遗》第十四篇《考课令》:“诸内外文武官九品已上,每年当司长官,考其属官应考者,皆具录一年功过行能,对众读,议其优劣,定九等考第。京官九月三十日已前校定,外官去京一千五百里内,八月三十日前校定;三千里内,七月三十日已前校定;五千里内,五月三十日已前校定;七千里内,三月三十日已前校定;万里内,正月三十日已前校定,本州定讫。京官十月一日送簿,外官朝集使送簿,限十月二十五日已前到京。考后功过,并入来年(若本司考讫以后,尚书省未校以前,犯罪断讫,准状合解及贬降者,任即附校,有功应进着,亦准此。)无长官,次官考。县令已下及关镇戍官、岳渎令,津非隶监者,亦州考。”其基本依据也是《唐六典》卷二“考功郎中”条。
[2]雷闻.俄藏敦煌Дх.06521残卷考释[J].敦煌学辑刊.2001:1-3.
[3]史睿.唐代外官考课的法律程序[M]//文津学志.北京:北京图书馆出版社,2003:125-137.
[4]刘琴丽.唐代武官选任制度初探[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
[5]瞿同祖.中国法律与中国社会[M].北京:中华书局,2010:2.
[6]李林甫等撰,陆仲夫点校.唐六典[M].北京:中华书局,1992.
[7]欧阳修.新唐书[M].北京:中华书局,1975:1407.
[8]刘俊文.敦煌吐鲁番唐代法制文书考释[M].北京:中华书局,1989:1-3.
[9]仁井田陞.唐令拾遗[M].栗劲等,编译.长春:长春出版社,1989.
[10]仁井田陞.唐令拾遗补[M].池田温编集代表.东京:东京大学出版会,1997.
[11]严耕望.论唐代尚书省之职权与地位[G]//严耕望.严耕望史学论文选集.北京:中华书局,2005:139-205.
[12]杜佑通典[M].北京:中华书局,1984:107.
[13]王永兴.唐代前期军事史略论稿[M].北京:昆仑出版社,2003:198-432.
[14]马克斯·韦伯.韦伯文集[M].韩水法,编译.北京:中国广播电视出版社,2000:175-178.
(1)关于唐代律令体制的研究概况,见大津透《唐日律令制的比较研究——学术史的概观和近年研究的介绍》,载《唐研究》第十四卷,北京大学出版社,2008年,第121至138页。
(2)相关论考见于氏著《法制史论集》,东京:岩波书店,1964年。其中《支那における律令法系の発达について》一文的中译节本见何勤华主编《律学考》,《论支那律令法系的发达——兼论汉唐间的律学》,商务印书馆,2004年。又参见仁井田陞《东亚法典的形成》,载《唐令拾遗补》,中译本见《法制与社会发展》,2003年第1期。
(3)两书之后唐令复原的最重要成果《天一阁藏明钞本天圣令校证(附唐令复原研究)》中的“不行之令”,即唐开元二十五年令十二篇中没有考课令。
(4)仁井田陞复原的唐开元考课令,《唐令拾遗》第十四篇《考课令》:“诸内外文武官九品已上,每年当司长官,考其属官应考者,皆具录一年功过行能,对众读,议其优劣,定九等考第。京官九月三十日已前校定,外官去京一千五百里内,八月三十日前校定;三千里内,七月三十日已前校定;五千里内,五月三十日已前校定;七千里内,三月三十日已前校定;万里内,正月三十日已前校定,本州定讫。京官十月一日送簿,外官朝集使送簿,限十月二十五日已前到京。考后功过,并入来年(若本司考讫以后,尚书省未校以前,犯罪断讫,准状合解及贬降者,任即附校,有功应进着,亦准此。)无长官,次官考。县令已下及关镇戍官、岳渎令,津非隶监者,亦州考。”其基本依据也是《唐六典》卷二“考功郎中”条。