河北省太行山4种经济林林冠层的水文效应
|
摘要
[目的]探索河北省太行山区4种经济林林冠层的水文效应,揭示其水源涵养功能。[方法]选取位于石家庄市西南部山区的核桃、苹果、杏、樱桃成林,雨量筒测定穿透雨量,树干缠绕法测定树干径流量,分析林冠层水文效应。[结果] 4种经济林的林内穿透雨量、树干径流量均随林外降雨量增加而增大;林外降雨量达到45.1 mm之前,林冠截留量随之增加而增大,之后增大趋势减缓;次降雨量在14.3～29.5 mm时,4种经济林的林冠截留作用最大,截留量占比均在20%以上;林外降雨量一定的情况下,4种经济林林冠层对降雨的截留量有较大差异,其排序为:樱桃>苹果>核桃>杏,与郁闭度大小排序一致,林内穿透雨量与截留量排序相反;树干径流量排序为:樱桃>杏>核桃>苹果,与平均地径大小排序基本一致。[结论] 4种经济林林冠层对降雨的再分配作用明显,林冠截留作用主要与林外降雨量有关,受林分类型、树冠结构特征如郁闭度、树木地径等的影响。
[Objective] The canopy hydrological effects of four economic forests in Taihang Mountains, Hebei Province were studied in order to reveal their water conservation functions. [Methods] Four main economic forests including walnut, apple, apricot, and cherry in the southwest mountainous area of Shijiazhuang City were selected. The throughfall was measured by rain tube, and the stemflow was measured by trunk winding method. The hydrological effects of canopy in these forests were then analyzed. [Results] The trunk runoff and throughfall of the four economic forests increased with the rainfall. The canopy interception increases with the rainfall until which reached 45.1 mm, and later the increasing trend slowed down. When the rainfall ranged from 14.3 to 29.5 mm at one precipitation event, the canopy interception of the four economic forests was the largest with 20% of interception percentage at least. When the rainfall was constant, the canopy interceptions of four economic forests were different, with following order, cherry>Apple>walnut>apricot, which was consistent with the order of crown density. The order of trunk runoff respected the following order, cherry>apricot>walnut>apple, which was basically consistent with the order of averaged base diameter. [Conclusion] The redistribution effect of canopy on the rainfall was obvious in the four economic forests, mainly related to the rainfall, and also influenced by the forest type, canopy density, and base diameter.
[Objective] The canopy hydrological effects of four economic forests in Taihang Mountains, Hebei Province were studied in order to reveal their water conservation functions. [Methods] Four main economic forests including walnut, apple, apricot, and cherry in the southwest mountainous area of Shijiazhuang City were selected. The throughfall was measured by rain tube, and the stemflow was measured by trunk winding method. The hydrological effects of canopy in these forests were then analyzed. [Results] The trunk runoff and throughfall of the four economic forests increased with the rainfall. The canopy interception increases with the rainfall until which reached 45.1 mm, and later the increasing trend slowed down. When the rainfall ranged from 14.3 to 29.5 mm at one precipitation event, the canopy interception of the four economic forests was the largest with 20% of interception percentage at least. When the rainfall was constant, the canopy interceptions of four economic forests were different, with following order, cherry>Apple>walnut>apricot, which was consistent with the order of crown density. The order of trunk runoff respected the following order, cherry>apricot>walnut>apple, which was basically consistent with the order of averaged base diameter. [Conclusion] The redistribution effect of canopy on the rainfall was obvious in the four economic forests, mainly related to the rainfall, and also influenced by the forest type, canopy density, and base diameter.
引文
[1] 曾大林.对当代林业水土保持作用的几点认识[J].中国水土保持,2000(6):25-27.
[2] 黄荣珍,岳永杰,李凤,等.不同类型森林水库调水特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):154-158.
[3] 程传民,王华伟,陈赫男.黄前水库上游生态修复区典型植被林冠层水文效应[J].中国水土保持,2009(6):5-7.
[4] 王德连,雷瑞德,韩创举.国内外森林水文研究现状和进展[J].西北林学院学报,2004,19(2):156-160.
[5] 张捷,刘洋,张健,等.马尾松人工林林冠层降雨再分配及其氮磷特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(6):1451-1458.
[6] Limousin J M,Rambal S,Ourcival J M,et al.Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:Lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,357(1/2):57-66.
[7] 吕瑜良,刘世荣,孙鹏森,等.川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2398-2405.
[8] 孔维健,周本智,安艳飞,等.人工毛竹林水文生态功能的初步研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(5):713-718.
[9] 鲜靖苹,张家洋,胡海波.森林冠层水文研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):96-104.
[10] Park A,Cameron J L.The influence of canopy traits on throughfall and stemflow in five tropical trees growing in a Panamanian plantation [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(5/6):1915-1925.
[11] Molina A J,Del Campo A D.The effects of experimental thinning on throughfall and stemflow:A contribution towards hydrology-oriented silviculture in Aleppo pine plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,269(1):206-213.
[12] 李鹏飞,刘文军,赵昕奕.京津冀地区近50年气温、降雨及潜在蒸散量变化分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):137-143.
[13] 秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.夏季栾树群落冠层结构对其环境温湿度的调节作用[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1634-1640.
[14] 战伟庆,张志强,武军,等.华北油松人工林冠层穿透雨空间变异性研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(3):26-30,35.
[15] Zimmermann A,Germer S,Neill C,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of throughfall and solutedeposition in an open tropical rain forest [J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,360(1/4):87-102.
[16] 何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林的降雨再分配[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(9):1871-1876.
[17] 曹云,欧阳志云,黄志刚,等.中亚热带杜仲人工林对降雨资源再分配的水文特征[J].资源科学,2007,29(2):52-59.
[18] 胡天然,王树力.松花江干流六种水源涵养林林冠层降水分配[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(27):154-157,160.
[19] 周泽福,林富贵,宋吉红.不同经营模式的水源涵养林生态防护功能研究[J].林业科学研究,2003.16(2):189-195.
[20] 辛颖,赵雨森.水源涵养林水文生态效应研究进展[J].防护林科技,2004(2):23-26.
[21] 景国臣,陈棣.典型黑土区水土保持林冠层截留降雨分析[J].水土保持应用技术.2015(6):1-3.
[22] 马维玲,石培礼,宗宁,等.太行山区主要森林生态系统水源涵养能力[J].中国生态农业学报.2017.25(4):478-489.
[2] 黄荣珍,岳永杰,李凤,等.不同类型森林水库调水特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):154-158.
[3] 程传民,王华伟,陈赫男.黄前水库上游生态修复区典型植被林冠层水文效应[J].中国水土保持,2009(6):5-7.
[4] 王德连,雷瑞德,韩创举.国内外森林水文研究现状和进展[J].西北林学院学报,2004,19(2):156-160.
[5] 张捷,刘洋,张健,等.马尾松人工林林冠层降雨再分配及其氮磷特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(6):1451-1458.
[6] Limousin J M,Rambal S,Ourcival J M,et al.Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:Lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,357(1/2):57-66.
[7] 吕瑜良,刘世荣,孙鹏森,等.川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2398-2405.
[8] 孔维健,周本智,安艳飞,等.人工毛竹林水文生态功能的初步研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(5):713-718.
[9] 鲜靖苹,张家洋,胡海波.森林冠层水文研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):96-104.
[10] Park A,Cameron J L.The influence of canopy traits on throughfall and stemflow in five tropical trees growing in a Panamanian plantation [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(5/6):1915-1925.
[11] Molina A J,Del Campo A D.The effects of experimental thinning on throughfall and stemflow:A contribution towards hydrology-oriented silviculture in Aleppo pine plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,269(1):206-213.
[12] 李鹏飞,刘文军,赵昕奕.京津冀地区近50年气温、降雨及潜在蒸散量变化分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):137-143.
[13] 秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.夏季栾树群落冠层结构对其环境温湿度的调节作用[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1634-1640.
[14] 战伟庆,张志强,武军,等.华北油松人工林冠层穿透雨空间变异性研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(3):26-30,35.
[15] Zimmermann A,Germer S,Neill C,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of throughfall and solutedeposition in an open tropical rain forest [J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,360(1/4):87-102.
[16] 何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林的降雨再分配[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(9):1871-1876.
[17] 曹云,欧阳志云,黄志刚,等.中亚热带杜仲人工林对降雨资源再分配的水文特征[J].资源科学,2007,29(2):52-59.
[18] 胡天然,王树力.松花江干流六种水源涵养林林冠层降水分配[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(27):154-157,160.
[19] 周泽福,林富贵,宋吉红.不同经营模式的水源涵养林生态防护功能研究[J].林业科学研究,2003.16(2):189-195.
[20] 辛颖,赵雨森.水源涵养林水文生态效应研究进展[J].防护林科技,2004(2):23-26.
[21] 景国臣,陈棣.典型黑土区水土保持林冠层截留降雨分析[J].水土保持应用技术.2015(6):1-3.
[22] 马维玲,石培礼,宗宁,等.太行山区主要森林生态系统水源涵养能力[J].中国生态农业学报.2017.25(4):478-489.