绿色农业生产:化肥减量与有机肥替代进展评价
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摘要
在概述政策措施、分析化肥统计数据、剖析调查案例的基础上,评价我国化肥减量与有机肥替代的进展并提出建议。主要结论为四点。第一,在政策推动下,2016年以来我国化肥呈现出总用量减少和总产量下降的态势,到2020年化肥零增长目标已提前实现、化肥负增长目标可预期。第二,我国果菜茶有机肥替代化肥的试点,呈现出适合当地农业生产水平的多样化做法,应将其理解为一个推动绿色农业生产的原则遵循,而不是具体技术方案。第三,探索建立起有机肥的政策体系,对畜禽有机肥和商品有机肥实行差异化管理。第四,确定出2020年后我国化肥减量政策方向,关注有机肥与化肥的替代和互补关系。
This paper evaluate the progress and raises advices by summarizing the latest policy measures,analyzing chemical fertilizer production and consumption statistics, and conclusing field cases of reducing fertilizer and replacing with organic fertilizer in China. The main evaluation is the following four points. First, under the policy promotion, since 2016, China's chemical fertilizers have shown a reduction in total consumption and a decline in total production. By 2020, the goal of zero fertilizer growth can be achieved ahead of schedule, and the target of negative fertilizer growth in 2020 may be expecteded. Second, the replacement of chemical fertilizers using organic fertilizers features diversified approaches that are appropriate for local agricultural production levels. It should be understood as a conceptual construct rather than a specific technical approach to promote green agricultural production.Third, it should explore to establish a policy system for organic fertilizers, implementing the diversity management for commodity product and livestock organic fertilizers. Forth, it needs to propose a policy orientation for of reducing fertilizer, and focuing on substitute and complementary of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers in China.
This paper evaluate the progress and raises advices by summarizing the latest policy measures,analyzing chemical fertilizer production and consumption statistics, and conclusing field cases of reducing fertilizer and replacing with organic fertilizer in China. The main evaluation is the following four points. First, under the policy promotion, since 2016, China's chemical fertilizers have shown a reduction in total consumption and a decline in total production. By 2020, the goal of zero fertilizer growth can be achieved ahead of schedule, and the target of negative fertilizer growth in 2020 may be expecteded. Second, the replacement of chemical fertilizers using organic fertilizers features diversified approaches that are appropriate for local agricultural production levels. It should be understood as a conceptual construct rather than a specific technical approach to promote green agricultural production.Third, it should explore to establish a policy system for organic fertilizers, implementing the diversity management for commodity product and livestock organic fertilizers. Forth, it needs to propose a policy orientation for of reducing fertilizer, and focuing on substitute and complementary of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers in China.
引文
[1]杨朝飞,里杰兰德.中国绿色经济发展机制和政策创新研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:295-296.
[2] Daly H. A further critique of growth economics[J]. Ecological Economics, 2013(3):20-24.
[3]何浩然,张林秀,李强.农民施肥行为及农业面源污染研究[J].农业技术经济,2006(6):2-10.
[4]栾江,李婷婷,马凯.劳动力转移对中国农业化肥面源污染的影响研究,[J].世界农业,2016(2):63-69.
[5]张利国.垂直协作方式对水稻种植农户化肥施用行为影响分析——基于江西省189户农户的调查数据[J].农业经济问题,2008(3):50-54.
[6]仇焕广,栾昊,李瑾,等.风险规避对农户化肥过量施用行为的影响[J].中国农村经济,2014(3):85-96.
[7]纪龙,徐春春,李凤博,等.农地经营对水稻化肥减量投入的影响[J].资源科学,2018(12):2401-2413.
[8]杨钰蓉,罗小锋.减量替代政策对农户有机肥替代技术模式采纳的影响——基于湖北省茶叶种植户调查数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2018(10):77-85.
[9]金书秦,张惠.化肥、农药零增长行动实施状况评估,[J].中国发展观察,2017(13):35-39.
[10]吴晓林.畜禽退养对上海生态循环农业发展的影响及其对策[J].上海农业学报,2018(2):145-149.
[11]李芳,冯淑怡,曲福田.发达国家化肥减量政策的适用性分析及启示[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017(1):15-23.
[12]车宗贤,杨君林,冯守疆,等.甘肃省有机肥和化肥生产利用现状及对策[J].甘肃农业科技,2018(10):77-80.
(1)山东省人民政府办公厅《关于印发山东省打好农业农村污染治理攻坚战作战方案(2018—2020年)的通知》鲁政办字[2018]247号,山东省政府网站,2018年12月28日。
[2] Daly H. A further critique of growth economics[J]. Ecological Economics, 2013(3):20-24.
[3]何浩然,张林秀,李强.农民施肥行为及农业面源污染研究[J].农业技术经济,2006(6):2-10.
[4]栾江,李婷婷,马凯.劳动力转移对中国农业化肥面源污染的影响研究,[J].世界农业,2016(2):63-69.
[5]张利国.垂直协作方式对水稻种植农户化肥施用行为影响分析——基于江西省189户农户的调查数据[J].农业经济问题,2008(3):50-54.
[6]仇焕广,栾昊,李瑾,等.风险规避对农户化肥过量施用行为的影响[J].中国农村经济,2014(3):85-96.
[7]纪龙,徐春春,李凤博,等.农地经营对水稻化肥减量投入的影响[J].资源科学,2018(12):2401-2413.
[8]杨钰蓉,罗小锋.减量替代政策对农户有机肥替代技术模式采纳的影响——基于湖北省茶叶种植户调查数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2018(10):77-85.
[9]金书秦,张惠.化肥、农药零增长行动实施状况评估,[J].中国发展观察,2017(13):35-39.
[10]吴晓林.畜禽退养对上海生态循环农业发展的影响及其对策[J].上海农业学报,2018(2):145-149.
[11]李芳,冯淑怡,曲福田.发达国家化肥减量政策的适用性分析及启示[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017(1):15-23.
[12]车宗贤,杨君林,冯守疆,等.甘肃省有机肥和化肥生产利用现状及对策[J].甘肃农业科技,2018(10):77-80.
(1)山东省人民政府办公厅《关于印发山东省打好农业农村污染治理攻坚战作战方案(2018—2020年)的通知》鲁政办字[2018]247号,山东省政府网站,2018年12月28日。