大沽河流域土壤水-地下水流耦合模拟及补给量估算
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摘要
青岛大沽河流域的含水层主要分布在大沽河中下游沿线的狭长地带内,构成了地下水库,是青岛市主要的水源地之一。由于大沽河流域地下水超采严重,为加强该地区地下水资源的综合管理,亟需准确计算地下水补给量。土壤水和地下水耦合模拟研究是准确计算地下水补给量的重要保障。本文以HYDRUS package for MODFLOW软件的原理为基础,结合GIS技术,建立了流域尺度(4 781 km~2)土壤水-地下水流耦合模型;在综合考虑研究区大气降水、蒸发、植物吸水、土壤质地、含水层分布、土壤水和地下水相关参数、地下水开采量、土壤水分含量及地下水埋深等资料情况下,利用本模型对大沽河流域土壤水和地下水流的运动过程进行模拟。经过模型校正和实例验证表明:耦合模拟所得的土壤剖面含水量和地下水位与实测数据的拟合结果较好,土壤水-地下水流耦合模型能够较好地模拟大沽河流域土壤水和地下水的时空变化;通过模拟计算,2013年夏玉米生长期内大沽河流域地下水补给量为3.15×10~9 m~3,2012年6月16日至2013年6月16日期间内地下水的补给量为4.77×10~9 m~3,计算所得的地下水的垂向入渗补给量具有较高的可信度和准确度,可以为制定合理的流域水资源优化配置方案提供科学依据。
【Objective】The water-bearing layers in the Dagu River Basin are distributed mainly in a long and narrow strip of area alongside the middle and lower reaches of the Dagu River, forming a huge underground reservoir, which is one of the major water sources supplying water to Qingdao. Currently, the groundwater resource in the Dagu River Basin has been over-exploited causing a series of environmental problems, like seawater intrusion, surface subsidence, etc. With rapid development of the economy and population in the region, the problem of water resource shortage significantly constrain sustainable development of Qingdao. To enhance comprehensive management of the water resources in the region, it is essential to accurately assess groundwater recharge. Although much work has been done on groundwater recharge, few of the relevant researches have taken into account the transformational relationship between soil water and groundwater, which has resulted in big gaps between the calculation of groundwater recharge and the reality. This study aimed to establish a soil water and groundwater coupled model, with which to analyze movements of soil water and groundwater in the studied region, and further to calculate accurately groundwater recharge in the Dagu River Basin under the current precipitation and irrigation conditions.【Method】Based on the principle of the software of HYDRUS package for MODFLOW coupled with the GIS technology, a basin-scaled(4 781 km~2) soil water and groundwater coupled model(SWGCM)was developed. The model was used to simulate moisture movement between vadose and saturated zone,flux at the bottom of a profile was worked out through multi iteration of the Richards-1 D equation, using the HYDRUS sub-model within each time step of the MODFLOW model, and through calculation of the acquired flux, the MODFLOW model yielded a new groundwater table, which was used as water head value at the bottom boundary for the next step of calculation. With all the relevant data put under comprehensive consideration, including precipitation, evaporation, plant water absorption, soil texture, aquifer distribution,and soil water and groundwater related parameters, such as groundwater exploitation capacity, soil moisture content, and groundwater table, the SWGCM model was used to simulate movement of soil water and groundwater in the Dagu River Basin, and accuracy of the model was varied through fitting of soil water content and groundwater in the soil profiles.【Result】Results show that the simulated soil profile moisture content and groundwater table well agree with the measured data. In the calibration phase, the determination coefficient of the soil profile moisture content in the soil profile varies in the range of 0.65～0.91, and the RMSE in the range of 0.005～0.01; and that of the groundwater table does in the range of 0.52～0.68, and of 0.12～0.38, respectively, while in the validation phase the determination coefficient of the soil profile moisture content does in the range of 0.53～0.86, and the RMSE in the range of 0.006～0.011 and that of the groundwater table in the range of 0.56～0.81 and of 0.17～0.19, respectively. The fitting of soil profile moisture content and groundwater table indicates that the SWGCM model is good enough to simulate water movement in variably-saturated porous media and groundwater recharge. In the calibration phase,the groundwater recharge is 315 million m~3, and in the validation phase, 477 million m~3.【Conclusion】To accurately assess groundwater recharge, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between soil water and groundwater in movement. The SWGCM model can be used to accurately simulate spatiotemporal variation of the soil water and groundwater in the Dagu River Basin, and hence to calculate vertical infiltration supplementary capacity of groundwater in the region with quite high reliability and accuracy. Therefore, the SWGCM model may provide certain scientific basis for development of a rational allocation of water resources of the basin and an effective approach, too, to accurate assessment of groundwater recharge.
【Objective】The water-bearing layers in the Dagu River Basin are distributed mainly in a long and narrow strip of area alongside the middle and lower reaches of the Dagu River, forming a huge underground reservoir, which is one of the major water sources supplying water to Qingdao. Currently, the groundwater resource in the Dagu River Basin has been over-exploited causing a series of environmental problems, like seawater intrusion, surface subsidence, etc. With rapid development of the economy and population in the region, the problem of water resource shortage significantly constrain sustainable development of Qingdao. To enhance comprehensive management of the water resources in the region, it is essential to accurately assess groundwater recharge. Although much work has been done on groundwater recharge, few of the relevant researches have taken into account the transformational relationship between soil water and groundwater, which has resulted in big gaps between the calculation of groundwater recharge and the reality. This study aimed to establish a soil water and groundwater coupled model, with which to analyze movements of soil water and groundwater in the studied region, and further to calculate accurately groundwater recharge in the Dagu River Basin under the current precipitation and irrigation conditions.【Method】Based on the principle of the software of HYDRUS package for MODFLOW coupled with the GIS technology, a basin-scaled(4 781 km~2) soil water and groundwater coupled model(SWGCM)was developed. The model was used to simulate moisture movement between vadose and saturated zone,flux at the bottom of a profile was worked out through multi iteration of the Richards-1 D equation, using the HYDRUS sub-model within each time step of the MODFLOW model, and through calculation of the acquired flux, the MODFLOW model yielded a new groundwater table, which was used as water head value at the bottom boundary for the next step of calculation. With all the relevant data put under comprehensive consideration, including precipitation, evaporation, plant water absorption, soil texture, aquifer distribution,and soil water and groundwater related parameters, such as groundwater exploitation capacity, soil moisture content, and groundwater table, the SWGCM model was used to simulate movement of soil water and groundwater in the Dagu River Basin, and accuracy of the model was varied through fitting of soil water content and groundwater in the soil profiles.【Result】Results show that the simulated soil profile moisture content and groundwater table well agree with the measured data. In the calibration phase, the determination coefficient of the soil profile moisture content in the soil profile varies in the range of 0.65～0.91, and the RMSE in the range of 0.005～0.01; and that of the groundwater table does in the range of 0.52～0.68, and of 0.12～0.38, respectively, while in the validation phase the determination coefficient of the soil profile moisture content does in the range of 0.53～0.86, and the RMSE in the range of 0.006～0.011 and that of the groundwater table in the range of 0.56～0.81 and of 0.17～0.19, respectively. The fitting of soil profile moisture content and groundwater table indicates that the SWGCM model is good enough to simulate water movement in variably-saturated porous media and groundwater recharge. In the calibration phase,the groundwater recharge is 315 million m~3, and in the validation phase, 477 million m~3.【Conclusion】To accurately assess groundwater recharge, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between soil water and groundwater in movement. The SWGCM model can be used to accurately simulate spatiotemporal variation of the soil water and groundwater in the Dagu River Basin, and hence to calculate vertical infiltration supplementary capacity of groundwater in the region with quite high reliability and accuracy. Therefore, the SWGCM model may provide certain scientific basis for development of a rational allocation of water resources of the basin and an effective approach, too, to accurate assessment of groundwater recharge.
引文
[1]孟春霞,王成见,董少杰.大沽河青岛段地表水水质变化分析.水资源与水工程学报,2008,19(1):73-76Meng C X,Wang C J,Dong S J.Analys is on groundwater quality changes in Qingdao Reach of Daguhe River(In Chinese).Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2008,19(1):73-76
[2]祁兴芬,庄振业,韩德亮,等.大沽河下游沉积砂层与水资源.海洋地质动态,2004,20(2):14-17Qi X F,Zhuang Z Y,Han D L,et al.Sediment and water resources in the downstream of Dagu River(In Chinese).Marine Geology Letters,2004,20(2):14-17
[3]Healy R W,Cook P G.Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):91-109
[4]Jie Z,van Heyden J,Bendel D,et al.Combination of soil-water balance models and water-table fluctuation methods for evaluation and improvement of groundwater recharge calculations.Hydrogeology Journal,2011,19(8):1487-1502
[5]杨建锋,万书勤,邓伟,等.地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评.农业工程学报,2005,21(6):158-165Yang J F,Wan S Q,Deng W,et al.Review of numerical simulation of soil watar flow and solute t r a n s port in the presence of a w a t e r t a b l e(I n Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(6):158-165
[6]Dripps W R,Bradbury K R.A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas.Hydrogeology Journal,2007,15(3):433-444
[7]张增勤,冯创业,韩永涛,等.滹沱河大型入渗试验地下水补给量计算.南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(5):99-102Zhang Z Q,Feng C Y,Han Y T,et al.Calculation of groundwater recharge during a large infiltration test in the Hutuo River(In Chinese).South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(5):99-102
[8]周旻,靳孟贵,魏秀琴,等.利用地中渗透仪观测资料进行降雨入渗补给规律分析.地质科技情报,2002,21(1):37-40Zhou M,Jin M G,Wei X Q,et al.Analysis of precipitation recharge using observed data of lysimeter(In Chinese).Geological Science and Technology Information,2002,21(1):37-40
[9]Varni M,Comas R,Weinzettel P,et al.Application of the water table fluctuation method to characterize groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain,Argentina.International Association of Scientific Hydrology Bulletin,2013,58(7):1445-1455
[10]Wa n g B,Jin M,Nimmo J R,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers.Journal of Hydrology,2008,356(1/2):209-222
[11]Marei A,Khayat S,Weise S,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method in the West Bank,Palestine.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2010,55(5):780-791
[12]Wood W W.Use of and misuse of the chloride-mass balance method in estimating groundwater recharge.Ground Water,1999,37(1):2-3
[13]Leterme B,Mallants D,Jacques D.Estimation of future groundwater recharge using climatic analogues and Hydrus-1D.Hydrology and Ear t h S y s tem Sciences,2012,16(8):2485-2497
[14]黄一帆,刘俊民,姜鹏,等.基于Modflow的泾惠渠地下水动态及预测研究.水土保持研究,2014,21(2):273-278Huang Y F,Liu J M,Jiang P,et al.Research for groundwater dynamic and forecasting of jinghui irrigation zone based on Modflow(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(2):273-278
[15]韩双平,荆恩春,王新忠,等.种植条件下土壤水与地下水相互转化研究.水文,2005,25(2):9-14Han S P,Jing E C,Wang X Z,et al.Transformation between soil water and ground water under the condition of planting(In Chinese).Hydrology,2005,25(2):9-14
[16]Adomako D,Maloszewski P,Stumpp C,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge from water isotope(δ2H,δ18O)depth profiles in the Densu River basin,Ghana.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2010,55(8):1405-1416
[17]牛赟,刘建海,张虎,等.黑河中游绿洲荒漠过渡带降水-土壤水-地下水相关性分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(11):59-64Niu Y,Liu J H,Zhang H,et al.Correlation analysis among precipitation and soil water and groundwater in oasis-desert transitional belt in Heihe River middle reaches(In Chinese).Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(11):59-64
[18]窦超银,康跃虎,万书勤.地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地覆膜咸水滴灌水盐动态试验研究.土壤学报,2011,48(3):524-532D o u C Y,Kang Y H,Wan S Q.Water and salt dynamics of saline-sodic with shallow water table under mulch-drip irrigation with saline water(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):524-532
[19]卢小慧,靳孟贵,刘延锋.利用Ear th模型计算河北栾城地下水垂向补给量.地质科技情报,2007,26(3):99-103Lu X H,Jin M G,Liu Y F.Estimation of vertical groundwater recharge by EARTH model in Luancheng,Hebei Province(In Chinese).Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(3):99-103
[20]Chen X,Hu Q.Groundwater influences on soil moisture and surface evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,2004,297(1/4):285-300
[21]Seo H,Vsim\Uunek J,Poeter E.Documentation of the hydrus package for modflow-2000,the U.S.Geological Survey modular ground-water model.GWMI 2007-01.Int.Golden,CO:Colorado School of Mines,2007
[22]Simunek J,van Genuchten M T V,奺jna M.The Hydrus-1D software package for simulating the movement of water,heat,and multiple solutes in variably saturated media,version 3.0.Riverside,CA:University of California Riverside,2005
[23]Harbaugh AW,Banta E R,Hill M C,et al.Modflow-2000,the U.S.Geological Survey modular ground-water flow model-user guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process.Denver,CO,Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2000
[24]杨丽娟.大沽河平原区地下水资源评价.山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2012Yang L J.Groundwater resources evaluation in Daguhe Plain(In Chinese).Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2012
[25]于万春.大沽河流域水资源可持续管理技术研究.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2014Yu W C.Study on sustainable management of water resources in Daguhe River Basin(In Chinese).Qingao,Shandong:China Ocean University Press,2014
[26]陈震,李金山,黄修桥,等.豫北冬小麦、夏玉米多年需灌水次数及典型生育期需灌水分析.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(3):274-283Chen Z,Li J S,Huang X Q,et al.Multi-years required irrigation times of winter wheat and summer maize and analysis of irrigation in representative growing seasons in northern Henan(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(3):274-283
[27]杨玉峥,林青,王松禄,等.大沽河中游地区土壤水与浅层地下水转化关系研究.土壤学报,2015,52(3):547-557Yang Y Z,Lin Q,Wang S L,et al.Transformation between soil water and shallow groundwater in the middle reaches of the Dagu River(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):547-557
[2]祁兴芬,庄振业,韩德亮,等.大沽河下游沉积砂层与水资源.海洋地质动态,2004,20(2):14-17Qi X F,Zhuang Z Y,Han D L,et al.Sediment and water resources in the downstream of Dagu River(In Chinese).Marine Geology Letters,2004,20(2):14-17
[3]Healy R W,Cook P G.Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):91-109
[4]Jie Z,van Heyden J,Bendel D,et al.Combination of soil-water balance models and water-table fluctuation methods for evaluation and improvement of groundwater recharge calculations.Hydrogeology Journal,2011,19(8):1487-1502
[5]杨建锋,万书勤,邓伟,等.地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评.农业工程学报,2005,21(6):158-165Yang J F,Wan S Q,Deng W,et al.Review of numerical simulation of soil watar flow and solute t r a n s port in the presence of a w a t e r t a b l e(I n Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(6):158-165
[6]Dripps W R,Bradbury K R.A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas.Hydrogeology Journal,2007,15(3):433-444
[7]张增勤,冯创业,韩永涛,等.滹沱河大型入渗试验地下水补给量计算.南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(5):99-102Zhang Z Q,Feng C Y,Han Y T,et al.Calculation of groundwater recharge during a large infiltration test in the Hutuo River(In Chinese).South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(5):99-102
[8]周旻,靳孟贵,魏秀琴,等.利用地中渗透仪观测资料进行降雨入渗补给规律分析.地质科技情报,2002,21(1):37-40Zhou M,Jin M G,Wei X Q,et al.Analysis of precipitation recharge using observed data of lysimeter(In Chinese).Geological Science and Technology Information,2002,21(1):37-40
[9]Varni M,Comas R,Weinzettel P,et al.Application of the water table fluctuation method to characterize groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain,Argentina.International Association of Scientific Hydrology Bulletin,2013,58(7):1445-1455
[10]Wa n g B,Jin M,Nimmo J R,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers.Journal of Hydrology,2008,356(1/2):209-222
[11]Marei A,Khayat S,Weise S,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method in the West Bank,Palestine.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2010,55(5):780-791
[12]Wood W W.Use of and misuse of the chloride-mass balance method in estimating groundwater recharge.Ground Water,1999,37(1):2-3
[13]Leterme B,Mallants D,Jacques D.Estimation of future groundwater recharge using climatic analogues and Hydrus-1D.Hydrology and Ear t h S y s tem Sciences,2012,16(8):2485-2497
[14]黄一帆,刘俊民,姜鹏,等.基于Modflow的泾惠渠地下水动态及预测研究.水土保持研究,2014,21(2):273-278Huang Y F,Liu J M,Jiang P,et al.Research for groundwater dynamic and forecasting of jinghui irrigation zone based on Modflow(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(2):273-278
[15]韩双平,荆恩春,王新忠,等.种植条件下土壤水与地下水相互转化研究.水文,2005,25(2):9-14Han S P,Jing E C,Wang X Z,et al.Transformation between soil water and ground water under the condition of planting(In Chinese).Hydrology,2005,25(2):9-14
[16]Adomako D,Maloszewski P,Stumpp C,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge from water isotope(δ2H,δ18O)depth profiles in the Densu River basin,Ghana.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2010,55(8):1405-1416
[17]牛赟,刘建海,张虎,等.黑河中游绿洲荒漠过渡带降水-土壤水-地下水相关性分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(11):59-64Niu Y,Liu J H,Zhang H,et al.Correlation analysis among precipitation and soil water and groundwater in oasis-desert transitional belt in Heihe River middle reaches(In Chinese).Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(11):59-64
[18]窦超银,康跃虎,万书勤.地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地覆膜咸水滴灌水盐动态试验研究.土壤学报,2011,48(3):524-532D o u C Y,Kang Y H,Wan S Q.Water and salt dynamics of saline-sodic with shallow water table under mulch-drip irrigation with saline water(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):524-532
[19]卢小慧,靳孟贵,刘延锋.利用Ear th模型计算河北栾城地下水垂向补给量.地质科技情报,2007,26(3):99-103Lu X H,Jin M G,Liu Y F.Estimation of vertical groundwater recharge by EARTH model in Luancheng,Hebei Province(In Chinese).Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(3):99-103
[20]Chen X,Hu Q.Groundwater influences on soil moisture and surface evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,2004,297(1/4):285-300
[21]Seo H,Vsim\Uunek J,Poeter E.Documentation of the hydrus package for modflow-2000,the U.S.Geological Survey modular ground-water model.GWMI 2007-01.Int.Golden,CO:Colorado School of Mines,2007
[22]Simunek J,van Genuchten M T V,奺jna M.The Hydrus-1D software package for simulating the movement of water,heat,and multiple solutes in variably saturated media,version 3.0.Riverside,CA:University of California Riverside,2005
[23]Harbaugh AW,Banta E R,Hill M C,et al.Modflow-2000,the U.S.Geological Survey modular ground-water flow model-user guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process.Denver,CO,Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2000
[24]杨丽娟.大沽河平原区地下水资源评价.山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2012Yang L J.Groundwater resources evaluation in Daguhe Plain(In Chinese).Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2012
[25]于万春.大沽河流域水资源可持续管理技术研究.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2014Yu W C.Study on sustainable management of water resources in Daguhe River Basin(In Chinese).Qingao,Shandong:China Ocean University Press,2014
[26]陈震,李金山,黄修桥,等.豫北冬小麦、夏玉米多年需灌水次数及典型生育期需灌水分析.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(3):274-283Chen Z,Li J S,Huang X Q,et al.Multi-years required irrigation times of winter wheat and summer maize and analysis of irrigation in representative growing seasons in northern Henan(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(3):274-283
[27]杨玉峥,林青,王松禄,等.大沽河中游地区土壤水与浅层地下水转化关系研究.土壤学报,2015,52(3):547-557Yang Y Z,Lin Q,Wang S L,et al.Transformation between soil water and shallow groundwater in the middle reaches of the Dagu River(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):547-557