室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯和双酚A的污染暴露
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摘要
室内灰尘含有大量的污染物,是人体接触多种有毒物质的重要来源.对上海市区的普通居民住宅、超市、大学生宿舍和办公室中采集的97种地面灰尘样品进行研究,结果显示样品中均检出了7种邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)及双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA).ΣPAEs含量为127.00～3 130.00μg/g,中值为542.00μg/g.领苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(diethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP)含量为85.40～3 040.00μg/g,远高于其他6种PAEs,中值为399.00μg/g; BPA含量为0.20～4.70μg/g,中值为0.65μg/g. 4类室内环境中ΣPAEs的中值含量依次为cp4(办公室)>cp1普通居民住宅>cp3(大学生宿舍)>cp2(超市), BPA的中值含量依次为cb4(办公室)≈cb2(超市)>cb3(大学生宿舍)>cb1(普通居民住宅).根据灰尘中BPA和PAEs的含量估算基于灰尘摄入的日摄入量.结果表明, 1～5岁幼儿的PAEs日摄入量为2 250.00 ng/kg-bw/day, BPA日摄入量为2.27 ng/kg-bw/day,均远高于成人的日摄入量.基于室内灰尘与室内大气中DEHP浓度平衡关系,利用终生致癌风险(incremental lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)模型,分别对不同性别、年龄段人群的呼吸暴露DEHP造成的潜在健康风险进行了评估,结果表明:ILCR大小按年龄段排序为I3(成人)>I2(青少年)>I1(儿童),且女性略高于男性.
The concentrations and profiles of 7 phthalate esters and bisphenol A in 97 indoor dust samples collected from urban residential houses, shopping markets, college dormitories, and offices in Shanghai. Seven phthalate esters and bisphenol A were found at detection rate of 100% in all samples. The sum concentrations of seven phthalate compounds ranged from 127.00 to 3 130.00 μg/g, with a median value of 542.00 μg/g.DEHP is the major phthalate esters found in indoor dust samples, ranging from 85.40 to3 040.00 μg/g, with a median concentration of 399.00 μg/g. Bisphenol A ranged from 0.20 to 4.70 μg/g, with a median value of 0.65 μg/g. The concentrations of phthalate esters were found to be the highest in offices, following by residential houses, college dormitories, and shopping markets, while the concentrations of bisphenol A were found to be the highest in offices and shopping markets, following by college dormitories and residential houses.The daily intakes(DI) of phthalate esters and bisphenol A were estimated through the route of dust ingestion for various age groups. The values of DI of phthalate esters and bisphenol A were 2 250.00 and 2.27 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively for toddlers, which were relative higher than those for adults. The incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR) model taking into account DEHP inhalation routes is used to quantitatively estimate the exposure risks for three age groups of female and male adults, adolescents, and children. According to the age groups, the values of ILCR in a decreasing order are as following: I3(adult)>I2(adolescent)> I1(child), and the values of ILCR is higher for females than for males.
The concentrations and profiles of 7 phthalate esters and bisphenol A in 97 indoor dust samples collected from urban residential houses, shopping markets, college dormitories, and offices in Shanghai. Seven phthalate esters and bisphenol A were found at detection rate of 100% in all samples. The sum concentrations of seven phthalate compounds ranged from 127.00 to 3 130.00 μg/g, with a median value of 542.00 μg/g.DEHP is the major phthalate esters found in indoor dust samples, ranging from 85.40 to3 040.00 μg/g, with a median concentration of 399.00 μg/g. Bisphenol A ranged from 0.20 to 4.70 μg/g, with a median value of 0.65 μg/g. The concentrations of phthalate esters were found to be the highest in offices, following by residential houses, college dormitories, and shopping markets, while the concentrations of bisphenol A were found to be the highest in offices and shopping markets, following by college dormitories and residential houses.The daily intakes(DI) of phthalate esters and bisphenol A were estimated through the route of dust ingestion for various age groups. The values of DI of phthalate esters and bisphenol A were 2 250.00 and 2.27 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively for toddlers, which were relative higher than those for adults. The incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR) model taking into account DEHP inhalation routes is used to quantitatively estimate the exposure risks for three age groups of female and male adults, adolescents, and children. According to the age groups, the values of ILCR in a decreasing order are as following: I3(adult)>I2(adolescent)> I1(child), and the values of ILCR is higher for females than for males.
引文
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[19]Yan S J,Song W Z,Chen Y M,et al.Low-dose bisphenol A and estrogen increase ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion in female rat hearts[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,56:75-80.
[20]Patel B B,Kasneci A,Bolt A M,et al.Chronic exposure to bisphenol A reduces successful cardiac remodeling after an experimental myocardial infarction in male C57bl/6n mice[J].Toxicological Sciences,2015,146(1):101-115.
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[24]Trasande L,Attina T M,Blustein J.Bisphenol A and obesity in children and adolescents reply[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2013,309(2):134-135.
[25]Spanier A J,Kahn R S,Kunselman A R,et al.Bisphenol A exposure and the development of wheeze and lung function in children through age 5 years[J].JAMA Pediatrics,2014,168(12):1131-1137.
[26]Lind P M,Lind L.Circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalates are related to carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,218(1):207-213.
[27]Meeker J D.Exposure to Environmental endocrine disruptors and child development[J].Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,2012,166(10):952-958.
[28]Ma J,Chen L L,Guo Y,et al.Phthalate diesters in Airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in a suburban area of Shanghai:Seasonal distribution and risk assessment[J].Science of The Total Environment,2014,497:467-474.
[29]Liao C Y,Liu F,Guo Y,et al.Occurrence of eight bisphenol analogues in indoor dust from the United States and several Asian countries:implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):9138-9145.
[30]Kolarik B,Bornehag C G,Naydenov K,et al.The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(37):8553-8559.
[31]Kolarik B,Naydenov K,Larsson M,et al.The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2008,116(1):98-103.
[32]Bi X L,Yuan S J,Pan X J,et al.Comparison,association,and risk assessment of phthalates in floor dust at different indoor environments in Delaware,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2015,50(14):1428-1439.
[33]Wang W,Wu F Y,Huang M J,et al.Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation,bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust,and risk assessment of human exposure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261:753-762.
[34]Hsu N Y,Lee C C,Wang J Y,et al.Predicted risk of childhood allergy,asthma,and reported symptoms using measured phthalate exposure in dust and urine[J].Indoor Air,2012,22(3):186-199.
[35]Bamai Y A,Shibata E,Saito I,et al.Exposure to house dust phthalates in relation to asthma and allergies in both children and adults[J].Sci Total Environ,2014,485:153-163.
[36]Fromme H,Lahrz T,Kraft M,et al.Phthalates in German daycare centers:occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children(LUPE 3)[J].Environment International,2013,61:64-72.
[37]Tran T M,Minh T B,Kumosani T A,et al.Occurrence of phthalate diesters(phthalates),phydroxybenzoic acid esters(parabens),bisphenol A diglycidyl ether(BADGE)and their derivatives in indoor dust from Vietnam:implications for exposure[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:1553-1559.
[38]Gevao B,Ai-Ghadban A N,Bahloul M,et al.Phthalates in indoor dust in Kuwait:implications for non-dietary human exposure[J].Indoor Air,2013,23(2):126-133.
[39]Lu X M,Chen M J,Zhang X L,et al.Simultaneous quantification of five phenols in settled house dust using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Methods,2013,5(19):5339-5344.
[40]Voelkel W,Kiranoglu M,Fromme H.Determination of free and total bisphenol A in human urine to assess daily uptake as a basis for a valid risk assessment[J].Toxicology Letters,2008,179(3):155-162.
[41]Geens T,Roosens L,Neels H,et al.Assessment of human exposure to bisphenol-A,triclosan and tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(6):755-760.
[42]Liao C Y,Liu F,Guo Y,et al.Occurrence of Eight Bisphenol analogues in indoor fust from the United States and several Asian countries:implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):9138-9145.
[43]Liao C Y,Kannan K.Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products:Implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(21):9372-9379.
[44]Lu S Y,Chang W J,Sojinu S O,et al.Bisphenol A in supermarket receipts and its exposure to human in Shenzhen,China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(9):1190-1194.
[45]Chiang K C,Chio C P,Chiang Y H,et al.Assessing hazardous risks of human exposure to temple airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2/3):676-685.
[46]USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[M].Washington:US Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
[47]USEPA.Integrated risk information system,Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)[M].Washington:US Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
[48]Weschler C J,Nazaroff W W.SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(30):3609-3620.
[49]Bek¨o G,Weschler C J,Langer S,et al.Children’s phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion,inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers[J].PloS One,2013,8(4):e62442.
[2]Roy A,Chapman R S,Hu W,et al.Indoor air pollution and lung function growth among children in four Chinese cities[J].Indoor Air,2012,22(1):3-11.
[3]Sundell J.On the history of indoor air quality and health[J].Indoor Air,2004,14:51-58.
[4]Zhang Y P,Mo J H,Weschler C J.Reducing health risks from indoor exposures in rapidly developing urban China[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2013,121(7):751-755.
[5]Jan S,Li B Z,Zhan Y P.Investigation on family environmental pollution and child health in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(25):2501-2503.
[6]Butte W,Heinzow B.Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2002,175:1-46.
[7]Whitehead T,Metayer C,Buffler P,et al.Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust[J].Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology,2011,21(6):549-564.
[8]Cao X L.Phthalate esters in foods:sources,occurrence,and analytical methods[J].Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,2010,9(1):21-43.
[9]Sathyanarayana S,Karr C J,Lozano P,et al.Baby care products:Possible sources of infant phthalate exposure[J].Pediatrics,2008,121(2):260-268.
[10]Kawakami T,Isama K,Matsuoka A.Analysis of phthalic acid diesters,monoester,and other plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride household products in Japan[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2011,46(8):855-864.
[11]Koo H J,Lee B M.Estimated exposure to phthalates in cosmetics and risk assessment[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health:Part A,2004,67(23/24):1901-1914.
[12]Wittassek M,Wiesmuller G A,Koch H M,et al.Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades-a retrospective human biomonitoring study[J].International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,2007,210(3/4):319-333.
[13]Guo Y,Kannan K.Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(8):3788-3794.
[14]Loganathan S N,Kannan K.Occurrence of bisphenol A in indoor dust from two locations in the eastern United States and implications for human exposures[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,61(1):68-73.
[15]Call D J,Markee T P,Geiger D L,et al.An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos.1.Aqueous exposures[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2001,20(8):1798-1804.
[16]Wang Y C,Chen H S,Long C Y,et al.Possible mechanism of phthalates-induced tumorigenesis[J].Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences,2012,28(7):22-27.
[17]Wood C E,Jokinen M P,Johnson C L,et al.Comparative time course profiles of phthalate stereoisomers in mice[J].Toxicological Sciences,2014,139(1):21-34.
[18]Chen M Y,Ike M,Fujita M.Acute toxicity,mutagenicity,and estrogenicity of bisphenol-Aand other bisphenols[J].Environmental Toxicology,2002,17(1):80-86.
[19]Yan S J,Song W Z,Chen Y M,et al.Low-dose bisphenol A and estrogen increase ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion in female rat hearts[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,56:75-80.
[20]Patel B B,Kasneci A,Bolt A M,et al.Chronic exposure to bisphenol A reduces successful cardiac remodeling after an experimental myocardial infarction in male C57bl/6n mice[J].Toxicological Sciences,2015,146(1):101-115.
[21]Vom Saal F S,Myers J P.Bisphenol A and risk of metabolic disorders[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2008,300(11):1353-1355.
[22]Lang I A,Galloway T S,Scarlett A,et al.Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2008,300(11):1303-1310.
[23]Young S S,Yu M.Association of bisphenol A with diabetes and other abnormalities[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2009,301(7):720-721.
[24]Trasande L,Attina T M,Blustein J.Bisphenol A and obesity in children and adolescents reply[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2013,309(2):134-135.
[25]Spanier A J,Kahn R S,Kunselman A R,et al.Bisphenol A exposure and the development of wheeze and lung function in children through age 5 years[J].JAMA Pediatrics,2014,168(12):1131-1137.
[26]Lind P M,Lind L.Circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalates are related to carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,218(1):207-213.
[27]Meeker J D.Exposure to Environmental endocrine disruptors and child development[J].Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,2012,166(10):952-958.
[28]Ma J,Chen L L,Guo Y,et al.Phthalate diesters in Airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in a suburban area of Shanghai:Seasonal distribution and risk assessment[J].Science of The Total Environment,2014,497:467-474.
[29]Liao C Y,Liu F,Guo Y,et al.Occurrence of eight bisphenol analogues in indoor dust from the United States and several Asian countries:implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):9138-9145.
[30]Kolarik B,Bornehag C G,Naydenov K,et al.The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(37):8553-8559.
[31]Kolarik B,Naydenov K,Larsson M,et al.The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2008,116(1):98-103.
[32]Bi X L,Yuan S J,Pan X J,et al.Comparison,association,and risk assessment of phthalates in floor dust at different indoor environments in Delaware,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2015,50(14):1428-1439.
[33]Wang W,Wu F Y,Huang M J,et al.Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation,bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust,and risk assessment of human exposure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261:753-762.
[34]Hsu N Y,Lee C C,Wang J Y,et al.Predicted risk of childhood allergy,asthma,and reported symptoms using measured phthalate exposure in dust and urine[J].Indoor Air,2012,22(3):186-199.
[35]Bamai Y A,Shibata E,Saito I,et al.Exposure to house dust phthalates in relation to asthma and allergies in both children and adults[J].Sci Total Environ,2014,485:153-163.
[36]Fromme H,Lahrz T,Kraft M,et al.Phthalates in German daycare centers:occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children(LUPE 3)[J].Environment International,2013,61:64-72.
[37]Tran T M,Minh T B,Kumosani T A,et al.Occurrence of phthalate diesters(phthalates),phydroxybenzoic acid esters(parabens),bisphenol A diglycidyl ether(BADGE)and their derivatives in indoor dust from Vietnam:implications for exposure[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:1553-1559.
[38]Gevao B,Ai-Ghadban A N,Bahloul M,et al.Phthalates in indoor dust in Kuwait:implications for non-dietary human exposure[J].Indoor Air,2013,23(2):126-133.
[39]Lu X M,Chen M J,Zhang X L,et al.Simultaneous quantification of five phenols in settled house dust using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Methods,2013,5(19):5339-5344.
[40]Voelkel W,Kiranoglu M,Fromme H.Determination of free and total bisphenol A in human urine to assess daily uptake as a basis for a valid risk assessment[J].Toxicology Letters,2008,179(3):155-162.
[41]Geens T,Roosens L,Neels H,et al.Assessment of human exposure to bisphenol-A,triclosan and tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(6):755-760.
[42]Liao C Y,Liu F,Guo Y,et al.Occurrence of Eight Bisphenol analogues in indoor fust from the United States and several Asian countries:implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):9138-9145.
[43]Liao C Y,Kannan K.Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products:Implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(21):9372-9379.
[44]Lu S Y,Chang W J,Sojinu S O,et al.Bisphenol A in supermarket receipts and its exposure to human in Shenzhen,China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(9):1190-1194.
[45]Chiang K C,Chio C P,Chiang Y H,et al.Assessing hazardous risks of human exposure to temple airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2/3):676-685.
[46]USEPA.Exposure factors handbook[M].Washington:US Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
[47]USEPA.Integrated risk information system,Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)[M].Washington:US Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
[48]Weschler C J,Nazaroff W W.SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(30):3609-3620.
[49]Bek¨o G,Weschler C J,Langer S,et al.Children’s phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion,inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers[J].PloS One,2013,8(4):e62442.