从“存在感”到“获得感”:寻找政策意见聚合的理性逻辑
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摘要
在政策参与过程中,公众所表达出来的政策意见常常呈现离散状态,难以作为公共政策制定的依据,如果能够找到政策意见聚合的逻辑,就能够提升政策参与的效能与效果,这也是公众从初步实现政策参与的"存在感"到政策意见被采纳的"获得感"的一种演进,是公共政策民主的实质性体现。在政策议题场域中,政策意见聚合的能量主要来自强化入场动机的公民身份认知、改变政策意见流向的价值认同以及引导公共讨论有序的话语规则等,这是一种自内而外、从主观感受到客观程序、从心理到行为的理性逻辑。
In the process of policy participation, policy opinions expressed by the public are often discrete, which could not be the facts for public policy making. If the logic of policy opinions aggregation can be found, the efficiency and effectiveness of public participation will be improved. The aggregation also reflects the essence of public policy democracy that the sense of public evolves from the initial realization of the"sense of existence"by policy participation to the "sense of gains"by policy opinions being adopted. The energy of policy opinions aggregation in policy issue arena mainly comes from the citizenship cognition strengthening entrance motivation, the value congruence changing the flow of policy opinions, and the discourse rules guiding public discussion in an orderly way. It implies a rational logic from inside to outside, from subjective feeling to objective procedure, and from psychology to behavior.
In the process of policy participation, policy opinions expressed by the public are often discrete, which could not be the facts for public policy making. If the logic of policy opinions aggregation can be found, the efficiency and effectiveness of public participation will be improved. The aggregation also reflects the essence of public policy democracy that the sense of public evolves from the initial realization of the"sense of existence"by policy participation to the "sense of gains"by policy opinions being adopted. The energy of policy opinions aggregation in policy issue arena mainly comes from the citizenship cognition strengthening entrance motivation, the value congruence changing the flow of policy opinions, and the discourse rules guiding public discussion in an orderly way. It implies a rational logic from inside to outside, from subjective feeling to objective procedure, and from psychology to behavior.
引文
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[16]FARMER D J.The Language of Public Administration:Bureaucracy,Modernity,and Postmodernity[M].Tuscaloosa,AL:University of Alabama Press,1995.
[17]FOUCAULT M.The Archaeology of Knowledge&The Discourse on Language[M].New York:Pantheon Books,1972:215.
[18]尤尔根·哈贝马斯.包容他者[M].曹卫东,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2002:47.
[19]约翰·罗尔斯.政治自由主义[M].万俊人,译.南京:译林出版社,2000:导论13.
[20]贝尔特克兰德尔曼斯.抗议的社会建构和多组织场域[M]//刘能,译.社会运动理论的前沿领域,北京.北京大学出版社,2002:95.
[21]COOKE M.Five Arguments for Deliberative Democracy[J].Political Studies,2000,48(5):947-969.
[22]尤尔根·哈贝马斯.对话伦理学与真理的问题[M].沈清楷,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005:85.
[23]阿克塞尔·霍耐特.为承认而斗争[M].胡继华,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2005:181.
[24]曾楠.西方福利国家政治认同的现实挑战及中国优势[J].国外社会科学,2017,(6):30-37.
(1)参见JOSIAH OBER:《Democracy and Knowledge:Learning and Innovation in Classical Athens》,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2008。
[2]杰弗瑞·爱德华·格林.人民之眼---观众时代的民主[M]//孙仲,等,译.“西方古典政治思想新视野”丛书.北京:华夏出版社,2018:总序2-3.
[3]查尔斯·J.福克斯,休·T.米勒.后现代公共行政---话语指向[M].楚艳红,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[4]俞可平.社群主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005.
[5]查尔斯·泰勒.自我的根源:现代认同的形成[M].韩震,等,译.南京:译林出版社,2012:49.
[6]埃米尔·涂尔干.社会分工论[M].渠东,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013:42.
[7]刘圣中.政治的距离--社会团结的空间政治学[J].人文杂志,2008,(3):59-66.
[8]马布利.马布利选集[M].何清新,译.北京:商务印书馆,1960:24-25.
[9]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞.身份认同的困境[M].王鲲,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010.
[10]胡百精.互联网与集体记忆构建[J].中国高校社会科学,2014,(3):98-106,159.
[11]汪信砚.全球化中的价值认同与价值观冲突[J].哲学研究,2002,(11):22-26.
[12]STRYKER S,OWENS T J,&WHITE R W.Self,Identity and Social Movements[M].Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press,2000:98.
[13]戴维·莫利.认同的空间---全球媒介、电子世界景观和文化边界[M].司艳,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2001:61.
[14]尤尔根·哈贝马斯.后形而上学思想[M].曹卫东,等,译.南京:译林出版社,2001:207.
[15]刘北成.福柯思想肖像[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995:201.
[16]FARMER D J.The Language of Public Administration:Bureaucracy,Modernity,and Postmodernity[M].Tuscaloosa,AL:University of Alabama Press,1995.
[17]FOUCAULT M.The Archaeology of Knowledge&The Discourse on Language[M].New York:Pantheon Books,1972:215.
[18]尤尔根·哈贝马斯.包容他者[M].曹卫东,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2002:47.
[19]约翰·罗尔斯.政治自由主义[M].万俊人,译.南京:译林出版社,2000:导论13.
[20]贝尔特克兰德尔曼斯.抗议的社会建构和多组织场域[M]//刘能,译.社会运动理论的前沿领域,北京.北京大学出版社,2002:95.
[21]COOKE M.Five Arguments for Deliberative Democracy[J].Political Studies,2000,48(5):947-969.
[22]尤尔根·哈贝马斯.对话伦理学与真理的问题[M].沈清楷,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005:85.
[23]阿克塞尔·霍耐特.为承认而斗争[M].胡继华,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2005:181.
[24]曾楠.西方福利国家政治认同的现实挑战及中国优势[J].国外社会科学,2017,(6):30-37.
(1)参见JOSIAH OBER:《Democracy and Knowledge:Learning and Innovation in Classical Athens》,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2008。