重庆市白术根腐病发生危害及其病原菌生物学特性
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摘要
【目的】明确重庆市白术根腐病发生危害情况及其病原菌种类、生物学特性,为该病害的预测、防治及白术抗病育种提供理论依据。【方法】2017年3~8月,每隔30 d对重庆市白术产区进行白术根腐病田间症状及危害情况调查;采用组织分离法结合柯赫氏法则获得白术根腐病致病菌,根据病原菌的形态特征对病原菌进行种类鉴定,并考察不同培养基、碳氮源、pH、温度等因素对病原菌菌丝生长和产孢等的影响。【结果】白术根腐病在田间有块茎腐烂型和须根腐烂脱落型2种症状,其中块茎腐烂型占发病植株的69.68%,为主要症状类型。将2种来源的白术根腐病病原菌接种于4种不同白术栽培类型,结果发病症状也以块茎腐烂型为主。引起2种症状的病原菌均为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysprum Schl.)。最适宜白术根腐病病原菌生长的培养基为PSA培养基;菌丝生长最适碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和甘氨酸;最适产孢碳、氮源分别为D-果糖和亮氨酸;菌丝在5~45℃均能生长,最适温度为25~30℃,产孢及孢子萌发最适温度为30℃;菌丝在pH为3~11时均能生长,最适pH为7,产孢及孢子萌发最适p H为6。【结论】重庆市白术根腐病表现为块茎腐烂型和须根腐烂脱落型2种症状,病原菌均为尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysprum),其症状表现与白术栽培类型的抗病性相关。
【Objective】The occurrence,pathogenic types and biological characteristics of root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. in Chongqing were clarified,which provided theoretical basis for the prediction,prevention and treatment of this disease and the breeding of resistant A.macrocephala seedlings.【Method】The damage and symptoms of root rot disease were investigated every 30 days from March to August in 2017 in Chongqing. Then pathogens of root rot were isolated and purified by onventional tissue separation combining Kirsch's rule and pathogenic bacteria were identified by the morphological characteristics. After that,the effects of culture medium,carbon nitrogen source,pH and temperature on the growth of mycelia and spores were investigated.【Result】Two symptoms,including rhizome rot and fibrous rot,were observed in field,while the rhizome rot accounted for 69.68% of the total ill seedlings. After inoculating the two types of pathogens on four different A. macrocephala cultivation patterns,rhizome rot appeared on most of the seedlings. The main pathogen inducing these two symptoms was identified as Fusarium oxysprum Schl.,which was suitable for growing in PSA medium. The optimum carbon and nitrogen source for mycelia growth were sucrose and glycine,but those for reproduction spore were fructopyranose and leucine respectively. The optimum living conditions for mycelia growth was 25-30 ℃ and pH 7,but it could grow at 5-45 ℃ and pH 3-11. And the optimum living conditions for sporulation and spore germination was 30 ℃ and pH 6.【Conclusion】Two symptoms,including rhizome rot and fibrous rot,are observed in Chongqing root rot A. macrocephala. The main pathogen is F. oxysprum. The pathogenic symptom is related to the different resistance types of A. macrocephala cultivation patterns.
【Objective】The occurrence,pathogenic types and biological characteristics of root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. in Chongqing were clarified,which provided theoretical basis for the prediction,prevention and treatment of this disease and the breeding of resistant A.macrocephala seedlings.【Method】The damage and symptoms of root rot disease were investigated every 30 days from March to August in 2017 in Chongqing. Then pathogens of root rot were isolated and purified by onventional tissue separation combining Kirsch's rule and pathogenic bacteria were identified by the morphological characteristics. After that,the effects of culture medium,carbon nitrogen source,pH and temperature on the growth of mycelia and spores were investigated.【Result】Two symptoms,including rhizome rot and fibrous rot,were observed in field,while the rhizome rot accounted for 69.68% of the total ill seedlings. After inoculating the two types of pathogens on four different A. macrocephala cultivation patterns,rhizome rot appeared on most of the seedlings. The main pathogen inducing these two symptoms was identified as Fusarium oxysprum Schl.,which was suitable for growing in PSA medium. The optimum carbon and nitrogen source for mycelia growth were sucrose and glycine,but those for reproduction spore were fructopyranose and leucine respectively. The optimum living conditions for mycelia growth was 25-30 ℃ and pH 7,but it could grow at 5-45 ℃ and pH 3-11. And the optimum living conditions for sporulation and spore germination was 30 ℃ and pH 6.【Conclusion】Two symptoms,including rhizome rot and fibrous rot,are observed in Chongqing root rot A. macrocephala. The main pathogen is F. oxysprum. The pathogenic symptom is related to the different resistance types of A. macrocephala cultivation patterns.
引文
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倪方方,徐红梅,宋腾蛟,王博林,徐建中,袁小凤.2017.生防菌对白术根腐病菌的拮抗作用及盆栽防治效果[J].浙江中医药大学学报,41(3):179-185.[Ni F F,Xu HM,Song T J,Wang B L,Xu J Z,Yuan X F.2017.Bicontrol potention of bacillus subtilis and trichoderma harzianum against root rot in atractylides macrocephala[J].Journal of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,41(3):179-185.]
聂燕芳,黄嘉瑶,周玲菀,涂晓欢,陈慧妍,王振中,李云锋.2017.香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号小种基因组规模分泌蛋白的预测与分析[J].江苏农业学报,33(2):288-294.[Nie Y F,Huang J Y,Zhou L W,Tu X H,Chen H Y,Wang Z Z,Li Y F.2017.Genome-scale prediction and analysis of the secretory proteins of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense tropical race 4[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,33(2):288-294.]
潘月敏,高智谋,凌萍,代玉立.2011.串珠镰孢对棉苗致病力分化及其在单分生孢子后代的遗传[J].热带作物学报,32(8):1553-1556.[Pan Y M,Gao Z M,Ling P,Dai Y L.2011.Pathogenicity differentiation of Fusarium moniliforme isolates to cotton seedlings and the inheritance in single conidium progenies[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,32(8):1553-1556.]
魏景超.1979.真菌鉴定手册[M].上海:上海科学出版社.[Wei J C.1979.Fungal Identification Manual[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press.]
杨舒婷,龚华栋,赵云鹏,陈斌龙,傅承新.2013.产地与种源对白术药材质量的影响[J].中药材,36(6):890-892.[Yang S T,Gong H D,Zhao Y P,Chen B L,Fu C X.2013.Effect of origin and provenance on the quality of Atractylodes macrocephala[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,36(6):890-892.]
游景茂,向国耀,郭杰,郭晓亮.2016.8种杀菌剂对白术根腐病防治研究[J].植物保护,42(6):235-238.[You J M,Xiang G Y,Guo J,Guo X L.2016.Control effect of eight kinds of fungicides on the root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala[J].Plant Protection,42(6):235-238.]
臧少先,安信伯,石丽军,卢伟红,狄继革,赵来顺.2005.白术根腐病症状类型及病原鉴定[J].河北农业大学学报,28(3):73-76.[Zang S X,An X B,Shi L J,Lu W H,Di J G,Zhao L S.2005.Symptom and pathogen identification of root rot on largehead atractylodes rhizome[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,28(3):73-76.]
张丽,耿肖兵,王春玲,李永刚.2014.黑龙江省大豆镰孢根腐病菌鉴定及致病力分析[J].植物保护,40(3):165-168.[Zhang L,Geng X B,Wang C L,Li Y G.2014.Identification and virulence of Fusarium spp.causing soybean root rot in Heilongjiang Province[J].Plant Protection,40(3):165-168.]
张礼维.2015.贵州白术根腐病病原鉴定及防治研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学.[Zhang L W.2015.Identification of pathogen and control of root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.in Guizhou[D].Guiyang:Guizhou University.]
张硕.2013.三种瓜类枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.)生理分化及其致病基因Fochs V表达差异研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学.[Zhang S.2013.Studies on the physiological differentiation and differential expression of Fochs V gene from three melons fusarium wilt[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University.]
朱磊,刘凡,黄云,李文光.2012.白术镰刀根腐病菌(Fusarium lateritium)生物学特性研究[J].安徽农学通报,18(11):45-48.[Zhu L,Liu F,Huang Y,Li W G.2012.The biology characteristics of Fusarium lateritium on root rot of Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz.[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18(11):45-48.]
陈小均,何海永,谭清群,徐峰,吴石平,吴明开,王莉爽,杨学辉,袁洁.2014.11种杀菌剂对白术根腐病病菌的室内毒力测定[J].江苏农业科学,42(3):84-85.[Chen XJ,He H Y,Tan Q Q,Xu F,Wu S P,Wu M K,Wang LS,Yang X H,Yuan J.2014.Toxicity determination of11 fungicides against Rhizoctye atractylodis root rot pathogen[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,42(3):84-85.]
方中达.1998.植病研究方法[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社.[Fang Z D.1998.Plant Pathology Research Methods[M].The 3rdEdition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.]
倪方方,徐红梅,宋腾蛟,王博林,徐建中,袁小凤.2017.生防菌对白术根腐病菌的拮抗作用及盆栽防治效果[J].浙江中医药大学学报,41(3):179-185.[Ni F F,Xu HM,Song T J,Wang B L,Xu J Z,Yuan X F.2017.Bicontrol potention of bacillus subtilis and trichoderma harzianum against root rot in atractylides macrocephala[J].Journal of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,41(3):179-185.]
聂燕芳,黄嘉瑶,周玲菀,涂晓欢,陈慧妍,王振中,李云锋.2017.香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号小种基因组规模分泌蛋白的预测与分析[J].江苏农业学报,33(2):288-294.[Nie Y F,Huang J Y,Zhou L W,Tu X H,Chen H Y,Wang Z Z,Li Y F.2017.Genome-scale prediction and analysis of the secretory proteins of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense tropical race 4[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,33(2):288-294.]
潘月敏,高智谋,凌萍,代玉立.2011.串珠镰孢对棉苗致病力分化及其在单分生孢子后代的遗传[J].热带作物学报,32(8):1553-1556.[Pan Y M,Gao Z M,Ling P,Dai Y L.2011.Pathogenicity differentiation of Fusarium moniliforme isolates to cotton seedlings and the inheritance in single conidium progenies[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,32(8):1553-1556.]
魏景超.1979.真菌鉴定手册[M].上海:上海科学出版社.[Wei J C.1979.Fungal Identification Manual[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press.]
杨舒婷,龚华栋,赵云鹏,陈斌龙,傅承新.2013.产地与种源对白术药材质量的影响[J].中药材,36(6):890-892.[Yang S T,Gong H D,Zhao Y P,Chen B L,Fu C X.2013.Effect of origin and provenance on the quality of Atractylodes macrocephala[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,36(6):890-892.]
游景茂,向国耀,郭杰,郭晓亮.2016.8种杀菌剂对白术根腐病防治研究[J].植物保护,42(6):235-238.[You J M,Xiang G Y,Guo J,Guo X L.2016.Control effect of eight kinds of fungicides on the root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala[J].Plant Protection,42(6):235-238.]
臧少先,安信伯,石丽军,卢伟红,狄继革,赵来顺.2005.白术根腐病症状类型及病原鉴定[J].河北农业大学学报,28(3):73-76.[Zang S X,An X B,Shi L J,Lu W H,Di J G,Zhao L S.2005.Symptom and pathogen identification of root rot on largehead atractylodes rhizome[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,28(3):73-76.]
张丽,耿肖兵,王春玲,李永刚.2014.黑龙江省大豆镰孢根腐病菌鉴定及致病力分析[J].植物保护,40(3):165-168.[Zhang L,Geng X B,Wang C L,Li Y G.2014.Identification and virulence of Fusarium spp.causing soybean root rot in Heilongjiang Province[J].Plant Protection,40(3):165-168.]
张礼维.2015.贵州白术根腐病病原鉴定及防治研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学.[Zhang L W.2015.Identification of pathogen and control of root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.in Guizhou[D].Guiyang:Guizhou University.]
张硕.2013.三种瓜类枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.)生理分化及其致病基因Fochs V表达差异研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学.[Zhang S.2013.Studies on the physiological differentiation and differential expression of Fochs V gene from three melons fusarium wilt[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University.]
朱磊,刘凡,黄云,李文光.2012.白术镰刀根腐病菌(Fusarium lateritium)生物学特性研究[J].安徽农学通报,18(11):45-48.[Zhu L,Liu F,Huang Y,Li W G.2012.The biology characteristics of Fusarium lateritium on root rot of Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz.[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,18(11):45-48.]