中国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放因子及排放清单的建立
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摘要
VOCs是国家重要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,建筑涂料是我国大气VOCs的重要来源.由于经济的发展及城镇化水平提高,住宅及其他房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,对建筑涂料的需求不断增加,建筑涂料VOCs污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关建筑涂料VOCs排放因子及量化其排放量的研究相对较少.本文建立一套自下而上的建筑涂料VOCs排放清单估算方法,通过实测建筑涂料中VOCs及总结梳理国内有关建筑涂料VOCs含量的相关研究,获取了各类型建筑涂料VOCs排放因子,结合建筑涂料使用量,编制了我国2013～2016年建筑涂料VOCs排放清单.结果表明:①水性内墙涂料VOCs排放因子为24. 63 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型外墙涂料分别为17. 5 g·kg~(-1)和298. 8 g·kg~(-1),水性、反应固化型和溶剂型防水涂料分别为2. 75、87. 86和400 g·kg~(-1),水性、无溶剂型与溶剂型地坪涂料分别为86. 2、25. 24和317 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型防腐涂料分别为31. 95 g·kg~(-1)和464. 61 g·kg~(-1),水性与溶剂型防火涂料分别为59. 7 g·kg~(-1)和347. 2 g·kg~(-1).②2013～2016我国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放量分别为25. 59万t、28. 75万t、31. 97万t和34. 8万t,呈增长趋势.③2016年建筑涂料使用排放VOCs 34. 8万t中,地坪涂料贡献率最大,排放量为7. 87万t,占22. 61%,其次是外墙涂料排放量为6. 49万t,占18. 65%,防火和防腐涂料作为功能性涂料,排放量分别为6. 45万t和5. 08万t,分别占18. 53%与14. 6%,防水涂料和内墙涂料排放量分别为4. 61万t和4. 3万t,分别占13. 25%和12. 36%.④2016年水性建筑涂料使用量为488. 94万t,VOCs排放量为9. 79万t,VOCs平均排放因子为20. 02 g·kg~(-1),溶剂型建筑涂料使用量为63. 65万t,VOCs排放量为22. 72万t,VOCs平均排放因子为356. 95 g·kg~(-1),减少溶剂型涂料的使用有利于消减VOCs排放,建筑涂料进一步水性化是降低VOCs排放的趋势.⑤在空间分布上,建筑涂料使用VOCs排放主要集中在山东、江苏、浙江、河南、四川、广东以及河北等人口数量多的省份,山东省排放量最大,约占9. 36%,江苏省次之,约占8. 54%.
Volatile organic compounds( VOCs) are important air pollutants in China,and control of their emission is an important subject of air pollution prevention and control. Architectural coatings play a significant role as sources of atmospheric VOCs in China.Due to recent economic development and increase in the levels of urbanization,the building of residences and other buildings is ongoing all the time,which results in increasing demand for architectural coatings and the VOCs pollution caused by painting operations.However,there are few studies of the VOCs emission factors and VOCs emissions due to architectural coatings. In this paper,a set of bottom-up VOCs emission inventory estimation methods for architectural coatings in China was established. The architectural coatings VOCs emission factors were gotten by actual measurement of VOCs in architectural coatings and by summarizing studies of VOCs contents in architectural coatings. Combining these results with the consumption of architectural coating sources,a VOCs emission inventory of architectural coatings in China from 2013 to 2016 was established. The results showed the following. ① VOCs emission factors were 24. 63 g·kg~(-1) for water-based interior wall coatings; 17. 5 g·kg~(-1) and 298. 8 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based exterior wall coatings,respectively. They were 2. 75,87. 86,and 400 g·kg~(-1) for water-based,reaction-type,and solvent-based waterproof coatings,respectively. For water-based,solventless,and solvent-based floor coatings,they were 86. 2,25. 24,and 317 g·kg~(-1),respectively; and 31. 95 g·kg~(-1) and 464. 61 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based anticorrosive coatings respectively.The emission factors were 59. 7 g·kg~(-1) and 347. 2 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based fire retardant coatings,respectively.② VOCs emissions from the use of architectural coatings were 255 900 t,287 500 t,319 700 t,and 348 000 t from 2013 to 2016 in China,with an upward trend. ③ Total VOCs emissions from architectural coatings was 348 000 t in 2016,and the VOCs emissions from floor coatings was 78 700 t,accounting for 22. 61% with the maximum contribution rate. The VOCs emissions from exterior wall coatings were 64 900 t,accounting for 18. 65%( second place),and the VOCs emissions from fire retardant coatings and anticorrosive coatings( functional coatings) were 64 500 t and 50 800 t,accounting for 18. 53% and 14. 6% respectively. The VOCs emissions from waterproof coatings and interior wall coatings were 46 100 t and 43 000 t,accounting for 13. 25% and 12. 36%,respectively. ④ The consumption of water-based architectural coatings reached a total of 4 889 400 t in 2016 with VOCs emissions of 97 900 t and average VOCs emissions factor of 20. 02 g·kg~(-1); however,the consumption of solvent-based architectural coatings totaled 636 500 t with VOCs emissions of 227 200 t and average VOCs emission factor of 356. 95 g·kg~(-1). Reducing the consumption of solvent-based coatings would be favorable for reduction of VOCs emissions. ⑤ As for the spatial distribution,architectural coating-related VOCs emissions were mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hebei provinces, which have large populations. The province with the highest VOCs emissions was Shandong,with a percentage of 9. 36%,and the second was Jiangsu,with a percentage of 8. 54%.
Volatile organic compounds( VOCs) are important air pollutants in China,and control of their emission is an important subject of air pollution prevention and control. Architectural coatings play a significant role as sources of atmospheric VOCs in China.Due to recent economic development and increase in the levels of urbanization,the building of residences and other buildings is ongoing all the time,which results in increasing demand for architectural coatings and the VOCs pollution caused by painting operations.However,there are few studies of the VOCs emission factors and VOCs emissions due to architectural coatings. In this paper,a set of bottom-up VOCs emission inventory estimation methods for architectural coatings in China was established. The architectural coatings VOCs emission factors were gotten by actual measurement of VOCs in architectural coatings and by summarizing studies of VOCs contents in architectural coatings. Combining these results with the consumption of architectural coating sources,a VOCs emission inventory of architectural coatings in China from 2013 to 2016 was established. The results showed the following. ① VOCs emission factors were 24. 63 g·kg~(-1) for water-based interior wall coatings; 17. 5 g·kg~(-1) and 298. 8 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based exterior wall coatings,respectively. They were 2. 75,87. 86,and 400 g·kg~(-1) for water-based,reaction-type,and solvent-based waterproof coatings,respectively. For water-based,solventless,and solvent-based floor coatings,they were 86. 2,25. 24,and 317 g·kg~(-1),respectively; and 31. 95 g·kg~(-1) and 464. 61 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based anticorrosive coatings respectively.The emission factors were 59. 7 g·kg~(-1) and 347. 2 g·kg~(-1) for water-based and solvent-based fire retardant coatings,respectively.② VOCs emissions from the use of architectural coatings were 255 900 t,287 500 t,319 700 t,and 348 000 t from 2013 to 2016 in China,with an upward trend. ③ Total VOCs emissions from architectural coatings was 348 000 t in 2016,and the VOCs emissions from floor coatings was 78 700 t,accounting for 22. 61% with the maximum contribution rate. The VOCs emissions from exterior wall coatings were 64 900 t,accounting for 18. 65%( second place),and the VOCs emissions from fire retardant coatings and anticorrosive coatings( functional coatings) were 64 500 t and 50 800 t,accounting for 18. 53% and 14. 6% respectively. The VOCs emissions from waterproof coatings and interior wall coatings were 46 100 t and 43 000 t,accounting for 13. 25% and 12. 36%,respectively. ④ The consumption of water-based architectural coatings reached a total of 4 889 400 t in 2016 with VOCs emissions of 97 900 t and average VOCs emissions factor of 20. 02 g·kg~(-1); however,the consumption of solvent-based architectural coatings totaled 636 500 t with VOCs emissions of 227 200 t and average VOCs emission factor of 356. 95 g·kg~(-1). Reducing the consumption of solvent-based coatings would be favorable for reduction of VOCs emissions. ⑤ As for the spatial distribution,architectural coating-related VOCs emissions were mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hebei provinces, which have large populations. The province with the highest VOCs emissions was Shandong,with a percentage of 9. 36%,and the second was Jiangsu,with a percentage of 8. 54%.
引文
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[3]Yuan B,Hu W W,Shao M,et al.VOC emissions,evolutions and contributions to SOA formation at a receptor site in eastern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(17):8815-8832.
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[5]季军宏,唐瑛.涂料中VOC测试方法的建议与展望[J].涂料工业,2015,45(4):60-63,73.Ji J H,Tang Y.Suggestion on determination methods of volatile organic compounds in coatings[J].Paint&Coatings Industry,2015,45(4):60-63,73.
[6]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2006.Tang X Y,Zhang Y H,Shao M.Atmospheric environmental chemistry(2nd ed.)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[7]Mo Z W,Shao M,Lu S H,et al.Characterization of nonmethane hydrocarbons and their sources in an industrialized coastal city,Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,593-594:641-653.
[8]Shao P,An J L,Xin J Y,et al.Source apportionment of VOCs and the contribution to photochemical ozone formation during summer in the typical industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,176-177:64-74.
[9]林宣益.2016年建筑涂料现状和2017年发展趋势[J].中国涂料,2017,32(3):27-30,37.Lin X Y.Current situation of architectural coatings in 2016 and development trend in 2017[J].China Coatings,2017,32(3):27-30,37.
[10]Zhao B,Wang P,Ma J Z,et al.A high-resolution emission inventory of primary pollutants for the Huabei region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(1):481-501.
[11]Mo Z W,Shao M,Lu S H.Compilation of a source profile database for hydrocarbon and OVOC emissions in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,143:209-217.
[12]梁小明,张嘉妮,陈小方,等.我国人为源挥发性有机物反应性排放清单[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):845-854.Liang X M,Zhang J N,Chen X F,et al.Reactivity-based anthropogenic VOCs emission inventory in China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):845-854.
[13]黄玉虎,胡玮,李贝贝.北京城市副中心(通州区)加油站VOCs排放清单[J].环境科学,2018,39(2):618-625.Huang Y H,Hu W,Li B B,et al.VOCs emission inventory of service stations in a subcenter(Tongzhou District)of the city of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(2):618-625.
[14]Wei W,Wang S X,Chatani S,et al.Emission and speciation of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(20):4976-4988.
[15]闫东杰,苏航,黄学敏,等.西安市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单及研究[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(2):446-452.Yan D J,Su H,Huang X M,et al.VOCs emission inventory of anthropogenic sources in Xi'an[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(2):446-452.
[16]Ou J M,Zheng J Y,Li R R,et al.Speciated OVOC and VOCemission inventories and their implications for reactivity-based ozone control strategy in the Pearl River Delta region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,530-531:393-402.
[17]李俊仪,田梁宇,伦小秀,等.北京地区植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放清单[J].环境化学,2017,36(4):776-786.Li J Y,Tian L Y,Lun X X,et al.Emission inventory of botanical volatile organic compounds(BVOCs)in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(4):776-786.
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