一个绝灭的古鱼类类群——盾皮鱼类
摘要
盾皮鱼类是全身包裹在坚硬骨甲之中的已绝灭重要古鱼类类群,确切的最早化石记录为志留纪早期(距今约4.4亿年),主要生存于泥盆纪(距今4.19亿-3.59亿年前)。盾皮鱼类已有原始的能主动捕食的嘴部,具备了较高营养摄取效率的能力。这种有颌类在早泥盆世迅速分化出各种各样的体态类型,到晚泥盆世已占领当时地球上所有水域环境。作为最原始的有颌脊椎动物,盾皮鱼类可以说是现生所有陆生脊椎动物(包括四足动物及人类)的祖先。由于盾皮鱼类具有独特有趣的外表,在志留纪与泥盆纪地层中全球广泛分布,以及位于脊椎动物进化树的基干位置,使其在脊椎动物的早期演化、地层学与古动物地理学等研究领域及科普教育等方面都具有重要的意义和价值。
引文
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2 Woodward A.S..Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum(Natural History).Part II.London:British Museum(Natural History),1891.
3 Woodward A.S..Preliminary report on the fishes from Dura Den.Rep.Br.Assoc.Adv.Sci.,1915,84(1914):122—123.
4 StensiE.A..Upper Devonian vertebrates from East Greenland,collected by the Danish Greenland expedition in 1929and 1930.Meddelelserom Gr准nland,1931,86:1—212.
5 Gross W..Asterolepisornata Eichw.und das Antiarchi-Problem.Palaeontographica,1931,75:1—62.
6 Anderson P.S.L.,Westneat M.W..A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for Dunkleosteus terrelli(Arthrodira,Placodermi).Paleobiology,2009,35(2):251—269.
7 Young G.C..Placoderms(Armored Fish):Dominant Vertebrates of the Devonian Period.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010,38:523—550.
8 Zhu M.,Yu X.B.,Choo B.,et al.An antiarchplacoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates.Biology Letters,2012,8(3):453—456.
9 Long J.A.,Trinajstic K.,Young G.C.,et al.Live birth in the Devonian period.Nature,2008,453:650—653.
10 Long J.A.,Mark.-Kurik.E.,Johanson Z.,et al.Copulation in antiarch placoderms and the origin of gnathostome internal fertilization.Nature,2015,517:196—199.
11 Béchard I.,Arsenault F.,Cloutier R.,et al.The Devonian placoderm fish Bothriolepis canadensis revisited with threedimensional digital imagery.Palaeontologia Electronica,2013,17 :1—19.
12 朱敏,赵文金.肉鳍鱼类的早期辐射与跨古大洋分布//戎嘉余.生物的起源、辐射与多样性演变-华夏化石记录的启示.北京:科学出版社,2006:399—416.
13 张永辂,刘冠邦,边利曾,等.古生物学.北京:地质出版社,1988:1—660.
14 E.H.科尔伯特.脊椎动物进化-各时代脊椎动物的历史.周明镇,等译.北京:地质出版社,1976.
15 Zhu M.,Yu X.B.,Ahlberg P.E.,et al.A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones.Nature,2013,502 :188—193.
16 Zhao W.J.,Zhu M..Siluro-Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography of China.Palaeoworld,2010,19(1-2):4 —26.
17 Denison R.H.,Schultze H.P..Handbook of paleoichthyology,vol.2,Placodermi.Stuttgart:Gustav Fischer Verlag,1978.
18 Gai Z.K.,Donoghue P.C.J.,Zhu M.,et al.Fossil jawless fish from China foreshadows early jawed vertebrate anatomy.Nature,2011,476:324—327.
19 Zhu M..Bone gain and loss:Insights from genomes and fossils.National Science Review,2014,1:490—497.
20 Friedman M.,Brazeau M.D..A jaw-dropping fossil fish.Nature,2013,502:175—177.
21 Dupret V.,Zhu M..The earliest phyllolepida(Placodermi,Arthrodira)from the late Lochkovian(Early Devonian)of Yunnan(South China).Geological Magazine,2008,145(2):257 —278.
22 Dupret V.,Zhu M.,Wang J.Q..The anatomy of Yujiangolepis liujingensis(Placodermi,Arthrodira)from the Pragian of Guangxi(South China)and its phylogenetic significance.Zoological Journal of Linnean Society,2009,157:70—82.
23 Jia L.T.,Zhu M.,Zhao W.J..A new antiarch fish from the Upper Devonian Zhongning Formation of Ningxia,China.Palaeoworld,2010,19(1-2):136—145.
24 李仲钧.我国古籍中关于脊椎动物化石的记载.古脊椎动物与古人类,1974,12(3):174—180.