氢和氧稳定同位素示踪湖泊蒸发的对比研究
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摘要
氢氧稳定同位素被广泛用于水文循环过程的研究。本文观测了2015年太湖湖水H~2HO和H_2~(18)O组分,分析了它们的时空变化规律及其控制因子,探讨亚热带大型浅水湖泊的同位素富集机制;基于稳定同位素质量守恒法计算太湖蒸发量;评价了动力分馏学系数的传统湖泊算法与海洋算法的适用性;重点分析了H~2HO和H_2~(18)O示踪湖泊蒸发的效果,对比二者之间的差异。研究结果表明,在空间上,太湖湖水和河水的氢氧同位素在南部特别是东南部较为富集但在北部区域较为贫化,这主要是受水流方向的控制,东南部湖水经历的蒸发时间较长,因此湖水中同位素累积较多;在季节上,冬季湖水同位素较贫化、春夏季较富集。对于2015年太湖的年蒸发量,用氢同位素示踪的结果与观测值较一致,为880mm;氧同位素的示踪结果略低,为690mm。使用传统湖泊研究中对动力学分馏系数的取值,会导致蒸发被显著低估,而氧稳定同位素的示踪结果对动力学分馏系数的取值更为敏感,同时氢稳定同位素在同位素分馏过程中主要是平衡分馏效应占主导,因此H~2HO在动力学分馏系数的参数化方案中影响较小,在实际应用中更为稳定。本文的研究结果表明了稳定同位素水文学研究中使用合适的动力学分馏系数的重要性。
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are widely used in the studies on the hydrologic cycle.In this study,we compared the performance of using H~2HO and H_2~(18)O compositions to track water evaporation in Taihu Lake and its tributary rivers,analyzed the spatial pattern and temporal variability and their controlling factors,and investigated the isotopic enrichment mechanism.Based on the isotopic mass balance model,we simulated the evaporation over the lake and evaluated the appropriateness of kinetic fractionation factors.The results show that,in space,the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of Taihu Lake water and river water are more concentrated in the south,especially in the southeast,but are more depleted in the northern region,which is controlled mainly by the direction of water flow,because the southeastern part of the lake experienced longer and stronger evaporation so more isotopes were accumulated there;in the season,lake water isotope is more depleted in the winter but more abundant in spring and summer.The evaporation of Lake Taihu in 2015 was better estimated using hydrogen isotope as the tracer(880 mm) than oxygen isotope tracer(690 mm) that underestimated.Traditional studies on lake water evaporation using a kinetic fractionation factor may lead to a significant underestimation of evaporation,and oxygen stable isotope is more sensitive to determine the kinetic fractionation factor.In hydrogen stable isotope fractionation,the equilibrium fractionation effect is dominant,so H~2HO has less influence on the parameterization scheme of the kinetic fractionation factor and is more stable in practical application.The results of this study demonstrate the importance of using appropriate kinetic fractionation factors in stable-isotope hydrology studies.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are widely used in the studies on the hydrologic cycle.In this study,we compared the performance of using H~2HO and H_2~(18)O compositions to track water evaporation in Taihu Lake and its tributary rivers,analyzed the spatial pattern and temporal variability and their controlling factors,and investigated the isotopic enrichment mechanism.Based on the isotopic mass balance model,we simulated the evaporation over the lake and evaluated the appropriateness of kinetic fractionation factors.The results show that,in space,the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of Taihu Lake water and river water are more concentrated in the south,especially in the southeast,but are more depleted in the northern region,which is controlled mainly by the direction of water flow,because the southeastern part of the lake experienced longer and stronger evaporation so more isotopes were accumulated there;in the season,lake water isotope is more depleted in the winter but more abundant in spring and summer.The evaporation of Lake Taihu in 2015 was better estimated using hydrogen isotope as the tracer(880 mm) than oxygen isotope tracer(690 mm) that underestimated.Traditional studies on lake water evaporation using a kinetic fractionation factor may lead to a significant underestimation of evaporation,and oxygen stable isotope is more sensitive to determine the kinetic fractionation factor.In hydrogen stable isotope fractionation,the equilibrium fractionation effect is dominant,so H~2HO has less influence on the parameterization scheme of the kinetic fractionation factor and is more stable in practical application.The results of this study demonstrate the importance of using appropriate kinetic fractionation factors in stable-isotope hydrology studies.
引文
王伟,2014.太湖能量收支及其对气候变化的响应.南京:南京信息工程大学博士学位论文
史晓宜,蒲焘,何元庆等,2016.典型温冰川区湖泊的稳定同位素空间分布特征.环境科学,37(5):1685-1691
包为民,胡海英,瞿思敏等,2007.稳定同位素方法在湖泊水量平衡研究中的应用.人民黄河,29(8):29-30
沈行毅,1984.太湖水面蒸发量的气候学计算.水文,(4):12-18
徐敬争,肖薇,肖启涛等,2016.湖水氢氧同位素组分的时间变化特征及影响因子分析.环境科学,37(7):2470-2477
高晶,姚檀栋,田立德等,2008.羊卓雍错流域湖水氧稳定同位素空间分布特征.冰川冻土,30(2):338-343
高雅琦,王咏薇,胡诚等,2016.2012年太湖蒸发量变化特征及蒸发模型评估研究.气候与环境研究,21(4):393-404
燕姝雯,余辉,张璐璐等,2011.2009年环太湖入出湖河流水量及污染负荷通量.湖泊科学,23(6):855-862
Arnoux M,Barbecot F,Gibert-Brunet E et al,2017.Impacts of changes in groundwater recharge on the isotopic composition and geochemistry of seasonally ice-covered lakes:insights for sustainable management.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,21(11):5875-5889
Barkan E,Luz B,2007.Diffusivity fractionations of H216O/H217Oand H216O/H218O in air and their implications for isotope hydrology.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,21(18):2999-3005
Bateni S M,Entekhabi D,2012.Relative efficiency of land surface energy balance components.Water Resources Research,48(4):W04510
Bocanegra E,Londo?o O M Q,Martínez D E et al,2013.Quantification of the water balance and hydrogeological processes of groundwater-lake interactions in the Pampa Plain,Argentina.Environmental Earth Sciences,68(8):2347-2357
Bouchez C,Goncalves J,Deschamps P et al,2016.Hydrological,chemical,and isotopic budgets of Lake Chad:a quantitative assessment of evaporation,transpiration and infiltration fluxes.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,20(4):1599-1619
Coenders-Gerrits A M J,van der Ent R J,Bogaard T A et al,2014.Uncertainties in transpiration estimates.Nature,506(7487):E1-E2
Cole J J,Prairie Y T,Caraco N F et al,2007.Plumbing the global carbon cycle:Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget.Ecosystems,10(1):172-185
Craig H,Gordon L I,1965.Deuterium and oxygen-18 variation in the ocean and the marine atmosphere.In:Tongiorgi E ed.Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures.Pisa,Italy:Lab Geol Nucl,277-374
Dansgaard W,1964.Stable isotopes in precipitation.Tellus,16(4):436-468
Din?er T,1968.The use of oxygen 18 and deuterium concentrations in the water balance of lakes.Water Resources Research,4(6):1289-1306
Elmarami H,Meyer H,Massmann G,2017.Combined approach of isotope mass balance and hydrological water balance methods to constrain the sources of lake water as exemplified on the small dimictic lake Silbersee,northern Germany.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,53(2):184-197
Evaristo J,Jasechko S,McDonnell J J,2015.Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow.Nature,525(7567):91-94
Farquhar G D,Ehleringer J R,Hubick K T,1989.Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,40:503-537
Fontes J C,Boulange B,Carmouze J P et al,1979.Preliminary oxygen-18 and deuterium study of the dynamics of Lake Titicaca.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,207-229
Gao J,Yao T,Joswiak D,2014.Variations of water stable isotopes(delta O-18)in two lake basins,southern Tibetan Plateau.Annals of Glaciology,55(66):97-104
Gat J R,1970.Environmental isotope balance of Lake Tiberias.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,109-127
Gat J R,Bowser C J,Kendall C,1994.The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere:estimate based on stable isotope data.Geophysical Research Letters,21(7):557-560
Gibson J J,2002.Short-term evaporation and water budget comparisons in shallow Arctic lakes using non-steady isotope mass balance.Journal of Hydrology,264(1-4):242-261
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Jeffries D et al,2017.Regional trends in evaporation loss and water yield based on stable isotope mass balance of lakes:The Ontario Precambrian Shield surveys.Journal of Hydrology,544:500-510
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Yi Y et al,2016a.Stable isotope mass balance of fifty lakes in central Alberta:Assessing the role of water balance parameters in determining trophic status and lake level.Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,6:13-25
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Yi Y,2016b.Stable isotope mass balance of lakes:a contemporary perspective.Quaternary Science Reviews,131:316-328
Gonfiantini R,1986.Environmental isotopes in lake studies.In:Fritz P,Fontes J C H eds.Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry.Elsevier:Amsterdam,3:113-168
Horita J,Rozanski K,Cohen S,2008.Isotope effects in the evaporation of water:a status report of the Craig-Gordon model.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,44(1):23-49
Jasechko S,Gibson J J,Edwards T W D,2014.Stable isotope mass balance of the Laurentian Great Lakes.Journal of Great Lakes Research,40(2):336-346
Jouzel J,Masson-Delmotte V,Cattani O et al,2007.Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past800,000 years.Science,317(5839):793-796
Kebede S,Travi Y,2012.Origin of theδ18O andδ2H composition of meteoric waters in Ethiopia.Quaternary International,257:4-12
Lee X H,Liu S D,Xiao W et al,2014.The Taihu eddy flux network:an observational program on energy,water,and greenhouse gas fluxes of a large freshwater lake.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,95(10):1583-1594
Lenters J D,Kratz T K,Bowser C J,2005.Effects of climate variability on lake evaporation:Results from a long-term energy budget study of Sparkling Lake,northern Wisconsin(USA).Journal of Hydrology,308(1-4):168-195
Liu J R,Song X F,Yuan G F et al,2014.Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation in China.Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,66(1):22567
Longinelli A,Stenni B,Genoni L et al,2008.A stable isotope study of the Garda lake,Northern Italy:Its hydrological balance.Journal of Hydrology,360(1-4):103-116
Majoube M,1971.Fractionnement en oxygène 18 et en deutérium entre l'eau et sa vapeur.Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique,68:1423-1436
Merlivat L,Jouzel J,1979.Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation.Journal of Geophysical Research,84(C8):5029-5033
Priestley C H B,Taylor R J,1972.On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters.Monthly Weather Review,100(2):81-92
Qian H,Wu J H,Zhou Y H et al,2014.Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes as indicators of lake water recharge and evaporation in the lakes of the Yinchuan Plain.Hydrological Processes,28(10):3554-3562
Qin B Q,Xu P Z,Wu Q L et al,2007.Environmental issues of Lake Taihu,China.Hydrobiologia,581(1):3-14
Russell J M,Johnson T C,2006.The water balance and stable isotope hydrology of lake edward,Uganda-Congo.Journal of Great Lakes Research,32(1):77-90
Samuelsson P,Kourzeneva E,Mironov D,2010.The impact of lakes on the European climate as simulated by a regional climate model.Boreal Environment Research,15(2):113-129
Seal II R R,Shanks III W C,1998.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal,Siberia:implications for paleoclimate studies.Limnology and Oceanography,43(6):1251-1261
Steffensen J P,Andersen K K,Bigler M et al,2008.High-resolution greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years.Science,321(5889):680-684
Tan M,2014.Circulation effect:response of precipitationδ18O to the ENSO cycle in monsoon regions of China.Climate Dynamics,42(3-4):1067-1077
Taniguchi M,Nakayama T,Tase N et al,2000.Stable isotope studies of precipitation and river water in the Lake Biwa basin,Japan.Hydrological Processes,14(3):539-556
Verpoorter C,Kutser T,Seekell D A et al,2014.A global inventory of lakes based on high resolution satellite imagery.Geophysical Research Letters,41(18):6396-6402
Vogt H J,1976.Isotopentrennung bei der Verdunstung von Wasser,Staatsexamensarbeit.Heidelberg:Master Dissertation of Institut fur Umweltphysik
Wang W,Xiao W,Cao C et al,2014.Temporal and spatial variations in radiation and energy balance across a large freshwater lake in China.Journal of Hydrology,511:811-824
Wassenaar L I,Athanasopoulos P,Hendry M J,2011.Isotope hydrology of precipitation,surface and ground waters in the Okanagan Valley,British Columbia,Canada.Journal of Hydrology,411(1-2):37-48
Xiao W,Lee X H,Hu Y B et al,2017.An experimental investigation of kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation over a large lake.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(21):11651-11663
Xiao W,Wen X F,Wang W et al,2016.Spatial distribution and temporal variability of stable water isotopes in a large and shallow lake.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,52(4-5):443-454
Xu X Y,Zhang R D,Xue X Z et al,1998.Determination of evapotranspiration in the desert area using lysimeters.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,29(1-2):1-13
Yao T D,Masson-Delmotte V,Gao J et al,2013.A review of climatic controls onδ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau:Observations and simulations.Reviews of Geophysics,51(4):525-548
Zhao L,Jin J M,Wang S Y et al,2012.Integration of remote-sensing data with WRF to improve lake-effect precipitation simulations over the Great Lakes region.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(D9):D09102Zimmermann U,1979.Determination by stable isotopes of underground inflow and outflow and evaporation of young artificial groundwater lakes.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,87-94
Zimmermann U,Ehhalt D H,1970.Stable isotopes in the study of the water balance of Lake Neusiedl,Austria.In:Isotopes in Hydrology.Wien:International Atomic Energy Agency,129-138
Zuber A,1983.On the environmental isotope method for determining the water balance components of some lakes.Journal of Hydrology,61(4):409-427
史晓宜,蒲焘,何元庆等,2016.典型温冰川区湖泊的稳定同位素空间分布特征.环境科学,37(5):1685-1691
包为民,胡海英,瞿思敏等,2007.稳定同位素方法在湖泊水量平衡研究中的应用.人民黄河,29(8):29-30
沈行毅,1984.太湖水面蒸发量的气候学计算.水文,(4):12-18
徐敬争,肖薇,肖启涛等,2016.湖水氢氧同位素组分的时间变化特征及影响因子分析.环境科学,37(7):2470-2477
高晶,姚檀栋,田立德等,2008.羊卓雍错流域湖水氧稳定同位素空间分布特征.冰川冻土,30(2):338-343
高雅琦,王咏薇,胡诚等,2016.2012年太湖蒸发量变化特征及蒸发模型评估研究.气候与环境研究,21(4):393-404
燕姝雯,余辉,张璐璐等,2011.2009年环太湖入出湖河流水量及污染负荷通量.湖泊科学,23(6):855-862
Arnoux M,Barbecot F,Gibert-Brunet E et al,2017.Impacts of changes in groundwater recharge on the isotopic composition and geochemistry of seasonally ice-covered lakes:insights for sustainable management.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,21(11):5875-5889
Barkan E,Luz B,2007.Diffusivity fractionations of H216O/H217Oand H216O/H218O in air and their implications for isotope hydrology.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,21(18):2999-3005
Bateni S M,Entekhabi D,2012.Relative efficiency of land surface energy balance components.Water Resources Research,48(4):W04510
Bocanegra E,Londo?o O M Q,Martínez D E et al,2013.Quantification of the water balance and hydrogeological processes of groundwater-lake interactions in the Pampa Plain,Argentina.Environmental Earth Sciences,68(8):2347-2357
Bouchez C,Goncalves J,Deschamps P et al,2016.Hydrological,chemical,and isotopic budgets of Lake Chad:a quantitative assessment of evaporation,transpiration and infiltration fluxes.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,20(4):1599-1619
Coenders-Gerrits A M J,van der Ent R J,Bogaard T A et al,2014.Uncertainties in transpiration estimates.Nature,506(7487):E1-E2
Cole J J,Prairie Y T,Caraco N F et al,2007.Plumbing the global carbon cycle:Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget.Ecosystems,10(1):172-185
Craig H,Gordon L I,1965.Deuterium and oxygen-18 variation in the ocean and the marine atmosphere.In:Tongiorgi E ed.Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures.Pisa,Italy:Lab Geol Nucl,277-374
Dansgaard W,1964.Stable isotopes in precipitation.Tellus,16(4):436-468
Din?er T,1968.The use of oxygen 18 and deuterium concentrations in the water balance of lakes.Water Resources Research,4(6):1289-1306
Elmarami H,Meyer H,Massmann G,2017.Combined approach of isotope mass balance and hydrological water balance methods to constrain the sources of lake water as exemplified on the small dimictic lake Silbersee,northern Germany.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,53(2):184-197
Evaristo J,Jasechko S,McDonnell J J,2015.Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow.Nature,525(7567):91-94
Farquhar G D,Ehleringer J R,Hubick K T,1989.Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,40:503-537
Fontes J C,Boulange B,Carmouze J P et al,1979.Preliminary oxygen-18 and deuterium study of the dynamics of Lake Titicaca.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,207-229
Gao J,Yao T,Joswiak D,2014.Variations of water stable isotopes(delta O-18)in two lake basins,southern Tibetan Plateau.Annals of Glaciology,55(66):97-104
Gat J R,1970.Environmental isotope balance of Lake Tiberias.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,109-127
Gat J R,Bowser C J,Kendall C,1994.The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere:estimate based on stable isotope data.Geophysical Research Letters,21(7):557-560
Gibson J J,2002.Short-term evaporation and water budget comparisons in shallow Arctic lakes using non-steady isotope mass balance.Journal of Hydrology,264(1-4):242-261
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Jeffries D et al,2017.Regional trends in evaporation loss and water yield based on stable isotope mass balance of lakes:The Ontario Precambrian Shield surveys.Journal of Hydrology,544:500-510
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Yi Y et al,2016a.Stable isotope mass balance of fifty lakes in central Alberta:Assessing the role of water balance parameters in determining trophic status and lake level.Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,6:13-25
Gibson J J,Birks S J,Yi Y,2016b.Stable isotope mass balance of lakes:a contemporary perspective.Quaternary Science Reviews,131:316-328
Gonfiantini R,1986.Environmental isotopes in lake studies.In:Fritz P,Fontes J C H eds.Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry.Elsevier:Amsterdam,3:113-168
Horita J,Rozanski K,Cohen S,2008.Isotope effects in the evaporation of water:a status report of the Craig-Gordon model.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,44(1):23-49
Jasechko S,Gibson J J,Edwards T W D,2014.Stable isotope mass balance of the Laurentian Great Lakes.Journal of Great Lakes Research,40(2):336-346
Jouzel J,Masson-Delmotte V,Cattani O et al,2007.Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past800,000 years.Science,317(5839):793-796
Kebede S,Travi Y,2012.Origin of theδ18O andδ2H composition of meteoric waters in Ethiopia.Quaternary International,257:4-12
Lee X H,Liu S D,Xiao W et al,2014.The Taihu eddy flux network:an observational program on energy,water,and greenhouse gas fluxes of a large freshwater lake.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,95(10):1583-1594
Lenters J D,Kratz T K,Bowser C J,2005.Effects of climate variability on lake evaporation:Results from a long-term energy budget study of Sparkling Lake,northern Wisconsin(USA).Journal of Hydrology,308(1-4):168-195
Liu J R,Song X F,Yuan G F et al,2014.Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation in China.Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,66(1):22567
Longinelli A,Stenni B,Genoni L et al,2008.A stable isotope study of the Garda lake,Northern Italy:Its hydrological balance.Journal of Hydrology,360(1-4):103-116
Majoube M,1971.Fractionnement en oxygène 18 et en deutérium entre l'eau et sa vapeur.Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique,68:1423-1436
Merlivat L,Jouzel J,1979.Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation.Journal of Geophysical Research,84(C8):5029-5033
Priestley C H B,Taylor R J,1972.On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters.Monthly Weather Review,100(2):81-92
Qian H,Wu J H,Zhou Y H et al,2014.Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes as indicators of lake water recharge and evaporation in the lakes of the Yinchuan Plain.Hydrological Processes,28(10):3554-3562
Qin B Q,Xu P Z,Wu Q L et al,2007.Environmental issues of Lake Taihu,China.Hydrobiologia,581(1):3-14
Russell J M,Johnson T C,2006.The water balance and stable isotope hydrology of lake edward,Uganda-Congo.Journal of Great Lakes Research,32(1):77-90
Samuelsson P,Kourzeneva E,Mironov D,2010.The impact of lakes on the European climate as simulated by a regional climate model.Boreal Environment Research,15(2):113-129
Seal II R R,Shanks III W C,1998.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal,Siberia:implications for paleoclimate studies.Limnology and Oceanography,43(6):1251-1261
Steffensen J P,Andersen K K,Bigler M et al,2008.High-resolution greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years.Science,321(5889):680-684
Tan M,2014.Circulation effect:response of precipitationδ18O to the ENSO cycle in monsoon regions of China.Climate Dynamics,42(3-4):1067-1077
Taniguchi M,Nakayama T,Tase N et al,2000.Stable isotope studies of precipitation and river water in the Lake Biwa basin,Japan.Hydrological Processes,14(3):539-556
Verpoorter C,Kutser T,Seekell D A et al,2014.A global inventory of lakes based on high resolution satellite imagery.Geophysical Research Letters,41(18):6396-6402
Vogt H J,1976.Isotopentrennung bei der Verdunstung von Wasser,Staatsexamensarbeit.Heidelberg:Master Dissertation of Institut fur Umweltphysik
Wang W,Xiao W,Cao C et al,2014.Temporal and spatial variations in radiation and energy balance across a large freshwater lake in China.Journal of Hydrology,511:811-824
Wassenaar L I,Athanasopoulos P,Hendry M J,2011.Isotope hydrology of precipitation,surface and ground waters in the Okanagan Valley,British Columbia,Canada.Journal of Hydrology,411(1-2):37-48
Xiao W,Lee X H,Hu Y B et al,2017.An experimental investigation of kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation over a large lake.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(21):11651-11663
Xiao W,Wen X F,Wang W et al,2016.Spatial distribution and temporal variability of stable water isotopes in a large and shallow lake.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,52(4-5):443-454
Xu X Y,Zhang R D,Xue X Z et al,1998.Determination of evapotranspiration in the desert area using lysimeters.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,29(1-2):1-13
Yao T D,Masson-Delmotte V,Gao J et al,2013.A review of climatic controls onδ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau:Observations and simulations.Reviews of Geophysics,51(4):525-548
Zhao L,Jin J M,Wang S Y et al,2012.Integration of remote-sensing data with WRF to improve lake-effect precipitation simulations over the Great Lakes region.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(D9):D09102Zimmermann U,1979.Determination by stable isotopes of underground inflow and outflow and evaporation of young artificial groundwater lakes.In:Isotopes in Lake Studies.Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,87-94
Zimmermann U,Ehhalt D H,1970.Stable isotopes in the study of the water balance of Lake Neusiedl,Austria.In:Isotopes in Hydrology.Wien:International Atomic Energy Agency,129-138
Zuber A,1983.On the environmental isotope method for determining the water balance components of some lakes.Journal of Hydrology,61(4):409-427