千里光合子胚和胚乳形成及其早期发育的细胞学特征（英文）
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摘要
千里光(Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)是传统中草药,抗菌功效显著。本研究从细胞学角度对千里光合子胚和胚乳的形成与发育进行观察研究。结果显示,结构和功能迥异的基细胞和顶细胞源自细胞质不均一分布的合子所致,推测合子的极性与胚囊的极性和生殖核分裂为"二态"精细胞有关;基细胞在合子胚胎"球型期"末期出现分化,早期胚胎的组织分化始于"三角期",可辨别的结构差异直到"鱼雷期"才出现。此外,胚乳形成遵循无细胞壁核化模型。本研究对千里光细胞分化、组织分化和结构差异各发育阶段特征的观察结果,不仅可为深入分析胚胎发育过程功能基因的时空表达提供依据,也为相关近缘物种的系统植物学研究提供参考资料。
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don(Compositae) plays a crucial antibacterial role in Chinese traditional medicines.Here,we characterized the development of the zygotic embryo and endosperm of this species to obtain basic knowledge regarding its cytological mechanism and practical breeding application.Based on chronological description of the embryogenesis events,the oblique first division in the zygote indicated that the origin of the apico-basal polarity of zygotic embryo development was established by the polar ovule.We deduced,therefore,that cell differentiation was attributable to an unevenly spaced distribution of cytoplasm in the zygotic embryo,where the ovule polarity impinged on the polar orientationof the embryo sac,egg cell,and thereby zygotic embryo.The recognizable developmental structure appeared at the torpedo stage,suggesting that tissue differentiation could be related to the signal substance throughout the outer and inner cells.Moreover,endosperm development followed the nuclear type model,resulting from the initial endosperm nuclei repeatedly dividing without cell wall formation.These representative morphological features of embryo development will be useful for further studies on functional genes,in vitro fertilization,and haploid plant production in this species.
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don(Compositae) plays a crucial antibacterial role in Chinese traditional medicines.Here,we characterized the development of the zygotic embryo and endosperm of this species to obtain basic knowledge regarding its cytological mechanism and practical breeding application.Based on chronological description of the embryogenesis events,the oblique first division in the zygote indicated that the origin of the apico-basal polarity of zygotic embryo development was established by the polar ovule.We deduced,therefore,that cell differentiation was attributable to an unevenly spaced distribution of cytoplasm in the zygotic embryo,where the ovule polarity impinged on the polar orientationof the embryo sac,egg cell,and thereby zygotic embryo.The recognizable developmental structure appeared at the torpedo stage,suggesting that tissue differentiation could be related to the signal substance throughout the outer and inner cells.Moreover,endosperm development followed the nuclear type model,resulting from the initial endosperm nuclei repeatedly dividing without cell wall formation.These representative morphological features of embryo development will be useful for further studies on functional genes,in vitro fertilization,and haploid plant production in this species.
引文
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[16]Faure JE,Dumas C.Fertilization in flowering plants.New approaches for an old story[J].Plant Physiol,2001,125(1):102-104.
[17]Amien S,Kliwer I,Márton ML,Debener T,Geiger D,et al.Defensin-like ZmES4 mediates pollen tube burst in maize via opening of the potassium channel KZM1[J].PLo S Biol,2010,8(6):e1000388.
[18]Goldberg RB,Paiva GD,Yadegari R.Plant embryogenesis:zygote to seed[J].Science,1994,266(5185):605-614.
[19]Kaplan DR,Cooke TJ.Fundamental concepts in the embryogenesis of dicotyledons:a morphological interpretation of embryo mutants[J].Plant Cell,1997,9(11):1903-1919.
[20]Schulz R,Jensen WA.Capsella embryogenesis:the egg,zygote,and young embryo[J].Am J Bot,1968,55(7):807-819.
[21]Mogensen HL,Suthar HK.Ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of Nicotiana tabacum(Solanaceae)before and after fertilization[J].Botanical Gazette,1979,140(2):168-179.
[22]Mansfield SG,Briarty LG.Early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thalianaⅡ.The developing embryo[J].Can JBot,1991,69(3):447-460.
[23]Rudall PJ.Flower anatomy and systematics of comospermum(Asparagales)[J].Syst Geogr Plants,1999,68(1/2):195-202.
[24]Boisnard LC,Colon CA,Bauch M,Hodge S,Doerner P,et al.Dynamic analyses of the expression of the HIS-TONE∷YFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis show that syncytial endosperm is divided in mitotic domains[J].Plant Cell,2001,13:495-509.
[25]Bittencourt Júnior NS.Evidence for post-zygotic self-incompatibility in Handroanthus impetiginosus(Bignoniaceae)[J].Plant Reprod,2017,30(2):1-11.
[26]Gurdon JB,Bourillot PY.Morphogen gradient interpretation[J].Nature,2001,413(6858):797-803.
[27]Schwartz BW,Yeung EC,Meinke DW.Disruption of morphogenesis and transformation of the suspensor in abnormal suspensor mutants of Arabidopsis[J].Development,1994,120(11):3235-3245.
[28]Chaudhury AM,Berger F.Maternal control of seed development[J].Semin Cell Devbiol,2001,12(5):381-386.
[29]Xia Z,Hirsch CN,Sekhon RS,de Leon N,Kaeppler SM.Evidence for maternal control of seed size in maize from phenotypic and transcriptional analysis[J].J Exp Bot,2016,67(6):1907-1917.
[2]Friedman WE.Evolving words and the egg-bearing tubes of Welwitschia(Welwitschiaceae)[J].Am J Bot,2015,102(2):176-179.
[3]González-Gutiérrez AG,Rodríguez-Garay B.Embryogenesis in Polianthes tuberosa L.var.simple:from megasporogenesis to early embryo development[J].Springerplus,2016,5(1):1804.
[4]Dumas C,Rogowsky P.Fertilization and early seed formation[J].Cr Biol,2008,331(10):715-725.
[5]Qian G,Ping J,Lu J,Zhang Z,Wang L,Xu D.Construction of full-length cDNA library and development of EST-derived simple sequence repeat(EST-SSR)markers in Senecio scandens[J].Biochem Genet,2014,52(11-12):494-508.
[6]Capron A,Chatfield S,Provart N,Berleth T.Embryogenesis:pattern formation from a single cell[J].Arabidopsis Book,2009,7:e0126.
[7]Povilus RA,Diggle PK,Friedman WE.Evidence for parent-of-origin effects and interparental conflict in seeds of an ancient flowering plant lineage[J].Proc Biol Sci,2018,285:1872.
[8]Friedman WE,Carmichael JS.Heterochrony and developmental innovation:evolution of female gametophyte ontogeny in Gnetum,a highly apomorphic seed plant[J].E-volution,1998,52(4):1016-1030.
[9]Friedman WE.Development and evolution of the female gametophyte and fertilization process in Welwitschia mirabilis(Welwitschiaceae)[J].Am J Bot,2015,102(2):312-324.
[10]Shapiro E,Baneyx F.Stress-based identification and classification of antibacterial agents:second-generation Esche-richia coli reporter strains and optimization of detection[J].Antimicrob Agents Ch,2002,46(8):2490-2497.
[11]Yeung EC.Histological and histochemical staining procedures[J].J Trauma,1984,9(2):154-156.
[12]Palmer RG.Mayer's hemalum-methyl salicylate:a stainclearing technique for observations within whole ovules[J].Stain Technol,1984,59(3):155-161.
[13]O'Brien TP,McCully ME.The study of plant structure:principles and selected methods[M].Melbourne:Termarcarphi Pty.Ltd,1981.
[14]Barrell PJ,Grossniklaus U.Confocal microscopy of whole ovules for analysis of reproductive development:the elongate1 mutant affects meiosisⅡ[J].Plant J,2005,43(2):309-320.
[15]Dresselhaus T,Sprunck S,Wessel G.Fertilization mechanisms in flowering plants[J].Curr Biol,2016,26(3):R125-R139.
[16]Faure JE,Dumas C.Fertilization in flowering plants.New approaches for an old story[J].Plant Physiol,2001,125(1):102-104.
[17]Amien S,Kliwer I,Márton ML,Debener T,Geiger D,et al.Defensin-like ZmES4 mediates pollen tube burst in maize via opening of the potassium channel KZM1[J].PLo S Biol,2010,8(6):e1000388.
[18]Goldberg RB,Paiva GD,Yadegari R.Plant embryogenesis:zygote to seed[J].Science,1994,266(5185):605-614.
[19]Kaplan DR,Cooke TJ.Fundamental concepts in the embryogenesis of dicotyledons:a morphological interpretation of embryo mutants[J].Plant Cell,1997,9(11):1903-1919.
[20]Schulz R,Jensen WA.Capsella embryogenesis:the egg,zygote,and young embryo[J].Am J Bot,1968,55(7):807-819.
[21]Mogensen HL,Suthar HK.Ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of Nicotiana tabacum(Solanaceae)before and after fertilization[J].Botanical Gazette,1979,140(2):168-179.
[22]Mansfield SG,Briarty LG.Early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thalianaⅡ.The developing embryo[J].Can JBot,1991,69(3):447-460.
[23]Rudall PJ.Flower anatomy and systematics of comospermum(Asparagales)[J].Syst Geogr Plants,1999,68(1/2):195-202.
[24]Boisnard LC,Colon CA,Bauch M,Hodge S,Doerner P,et al.Dynamic analyses of the expression of the HIS-TONE∷YFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis show that syncytial endosperm is divided in mitotic domains[J].Plant Cell,2001,13:495-509.
[25]Bittencourt Júnior NS.Evidence for post-zygotic self-incompatibility in Handroanthus impetiginosus(Bignoniaceae)[J].Plant Reprod,2017,30(2):1-11.
[26]Gurdon JB,Bourillot PY.Morphogen gradient interpretation[J].Nature,2001,413(6858):797-803.
[27]Schwartz BW,Yeung EC,Meinke DW.Disruption of morphogenesis and transformation of the suspensor in abnormal suspensor mutants of Arabidopsis[J].Development,1994,120(11):3235-3245.
[28]Chaudhury AM,Berger F.Maternal control of seed development[J].Semin Cell Devbiol,2001,12(5):381-386.
[29]Xia Z,Hirsch CN,Sekhon RS,de Leon N,Kaeppler SM.Evidence for maternal control of seed size in maize from phenotypic and transcriptional analysis[J].J Exp Bot,2016,67(6):1907-1917.