农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响
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摘要
针对华北平原麦玉轮作区氮肥用量大、氮损失及土壤氮素累积严重的问题,探索不同减氮调控施肥措施对作物产量、氮损失及土壤无机氮累积的影响.通过(2016—2017年)设置两年大田试验,以农民施肥为对照,研究控释肥处理、微生物肥处理及配施硝化抑制剂处理减少氮用量后对小麦、玉米产量和地上部吸氮量、氮损失及土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明:2016年微生物肥处理的小麦产量显著低于控释肥处理和硝化抑制剂处理,与农民施肥处理无显著性差异;且小麦和周年作物地上部吸氮量都显著降低.2017年各处理间作物产量和吸氮量无显著性差异.3种减氮调控施肥处理均能保持和改善耕层土壤肥力;且微生物肥处理随种植时间延长对土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量均有提升.随种植时间延长无机氮累积严重,微生物肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理均可降低40～100 cm土壤剖面的无机氮含量,而控释肥处理可提高0～40 cm土层无机氮含量.氮损失中氨挥发>淋溶量>N_2O排放>径流,径流损失可忽略不计,其中以农民施肥处理氮损失最大,微生物肥处理可显著降低氨挥发损失量,但淋溶量较大.综上所述,减量施氮条件下,控释肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理可保证作物产量及地上部吸氮量,微生物肥处理随种植年限的延长可保证作物产量和吸氮量.微生物肥和添加硝化抑制剂处理可降低40～100 cm土层无机氮含量,控释肥处理对削减无机氮量效果不明显;几种减氮调控措施均可降低氮损失,但微生物肥处理需调整措施来降低氮的淋溶量.
The application of large amounts of nitrogen(N) fertilizer can result in soil N accumulation and consequently N loss. To address these problems in a wheat-maize rotation area of the North China Plain, a two-year field experiment(2016-2017) was conducted to examine the effects of three different N fertilizer strategies on crop yield, N uptake, N loss and soil inorganic N content. The treatments were: controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor and farmer's practice(control). The results showed that the wheat yield from the microbial fertilizer treatment in 2016 was significantly lower than that from the controlled-release fertilizer treatment and the nitrification inhibitor treatment, but was not significantly different from conventional farmer fertilization. The N uptake of wheat and annual crops in the microbial fertilizer treatment was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in crop yield and N uptake among the treatments in 2017. Soil fertility of the tillage layer was maintained or improved in all three treatments compared with the control, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter increased with the increase of plant growth period in the microbial fertilizer treatment. Microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor reduced the inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil profile, while controlled-release fertilizer increased the inorganic N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. N loss through ammonia volatilization was higher than that through leaching, which was greater than the loss through N_2O emission. Runoff loss was negligible. Among the treatments, N loss in farmer's practice treatment was the highest. Microbial fertilizer significantly reduced N loss through ammonia volatilization, but the loss through leaching was larger. In conclusion, with reduced N application compared with the farmer's practice, controlled release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor could maintain crop yield and N uptake, and microbial fertilizer could ensure crop yield and N uptake for a longer plant growth period. The results suggested that inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil layer could be reduced in the soil by adding microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors, and the amount of inorganic N was not reduced significantly by application of controlled release fertilizer. Several N reduction measures could reduce N loss. The microbial fertilizer treatment needed to be modified to reduce N leaching.
The application of large amounts of nitrogen(N) fertilizer can result in soil N accumulation and consequently N loss. To address these problems in a wheat-maize rotation area of the North China Plain, a two-year field experiment(2016-2017) was conducted to examine the effects of three different N fertilizer strategies on crop yield, N uptake, N loss and soil inorganic N content. The treatments were: controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor and farmer's practice(control). The results showed that the wheat yield from the microbial fertilizer treatment in 2016 was significantly lower than that from the controlled-release fertilizer treatment and the nitrification inhibitor treatment, but was not significantly different from conventional farmer fertilization. The N uptake of wheat and annual crops in the microbial fertilizer treatment was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in crop yield and N uptake among the treatments in 2017. Soil fertility of the tillage layer was maintained or improved in all three treatments compared with the control, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter increased with the increase of plant growth period in the microbial fertilizer treatment. Microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor reduced the inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil profile, while controlled-release fertilizer increased the inorganic N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. N loss through ammonia volatilization was higher than that through leaching, which was greater than the loss through N_2O emission. Runoff loss was negligible. Among the treatments, N loss in farmer's practice treatment was the highest. Microbial fertilizer significantly reduced N loss through ammonia volatilization, but the loss through leaching was larger. In conclusion, with reduced N application compared with the farmer's practice, controlled release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor could maintain crop yield and N uptake, and microbial fertilizer could ensure crop yield and N uptake for a longer plant growth period. The results suggested that inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil layer could be reduced in the soil by adding microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors, and the amount of inorganic N was not reduced significantly by application of controlled release fertilizer. Several N reduction measures could reduce N loss. The microbial fertilizer treatment needed to be modified to reduce N leaching.
引文
[1] Ma K (麻坤), Diao G (刁钢). Research on the contribution rate of fertilizer to grain yield in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2018, 24(4): 1113-1120 (in Chinese)
[2] Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL. Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: A review. Annals of Applied Biology, 2013, 162: 145-173
[3] Zheng J, Kilasara MM, Mmari WN, et al. Ammonia volatilization following urea application at maize fields in the East African highlands with different soil properties. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2018, 54: 411-422
[4] Cai GX, Chen DL, Ding H, et al. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2002, 63: 187-195
[5] Bouraima AK, He B, Tian T. Runoff, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from purple slope cropland soil under rating fertilization in Three Gorges Region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23: 4541-4550
[6] Wang J-G (王敬国), Lin S (林杉), Li B-G (李保国). Nitrogen cycling and management strategies in Chinese agriculture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(3): 503-517 (in Chinese)
[7] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[8] Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang F-S (张福锁). Effect of reduced N application on N utilization and balance in winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(3): 458-462 (in Chinese)
[9] Zhang H-Y (张华艳), Niu L-A (牛灵安), Hao J-M (郝晋珉), et al. Effects of straw returning combined with slow release fertilizer on soil nutrient and crop yield. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2018, 49(1): 140-149 (in Chinese)
[10] Shaviva A. Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy, 2001, 71: 1-49
[11] Yang Y (杨岩), Tan D-S (谭德水), Jiang L-H (江丽华), et al. The effects of one-off fertilization of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(20): 3909-3919 (in Chinese)
[12] Sun S-B (孙绍宾). How to use soil conditioner correc-tly without deep tillage. Northern Horticulture (北方园艺), 2003(4): 80 (in Chinese)
[13] Ding WX, Yu HY, Cai ZC. Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011, 47: 91-99
[14] Dai Y (戴宇), He J-Z (贺纪正), Shen J-P (沈菊培). Effects and influence factors of dicyandiamide (DCD) application in agricultural ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(1): 279-286 (in Chinese)
[15] Peng Y-J (彭亚静), Wang X-Y (汪新颖), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of root layer regulation on nitrogen utilization and soil NO3--N redsidue of wheat-maize system. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(11): 2187-2198 (in Chinese)
[16] Zheng X, Mei B, Wang Y, et al. Quantification of N2O fluxes from soil-plant systems may be biased by the applied gas chromatograph methodology. Plant and Soil, 2008, 311: 211-234
[17] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil: Venting method. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2002, 8(2): 205-209 (in Chinese)
[18] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[19] Lu Y-L (卢艳丽), Bai Y-L (白由路), Wang L (王磊), et al. Efficiency analysis of slow/controlled release fertilizer on wheat-maize in North China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(1): 209-215 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhao Z-C (赵自超), Han X (韩笑), Shi Y-F (石岳峰), et al. Effect of nitrification and urease inhibitor on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in North China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2016, 32(6): 254-262 (in Chinese)
[21] Liu Y-W (刘雅文), Ma Z-H (马资厚), Pan F-Y (潘复燕), et al. Effects of different soil additives on rice yield and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Tai Lake region. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2017, 36(7): 1395-1405 (in Chinese)
[22] Ye Q (叶青), Cao G-J (曹国军), Geng Y-H (耿玉辉). Nutrient efficient utilization of controlled-release N fertilizer in wheat-maize cropping system. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences (江苏农业科学), 2016, 44(8): 124-129 (in Chinese)
[23] Xie Y-Q (谢玉前). Application of microbial fertilizer on food crops. Horticulture & Seed (园艺与种苗), 2016(3): 16-17 (in Chinese)
[24] Dong L (董亮), Zhang Y-F (张玉凤), Liu P (刘苹), et al. Effects of decreasing controlled-release fertilizer application rate on yield and quality of potato, and soil nitrate content. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi (江西农业学报), 2012, 24(6): 86-89 (in Chinese)
[25] Liu J-T (刘建涛), Zhang H-Y (张会永), Wang X (王雪), et al. Effects of nitrogen regulator on wheat growth, nitrogen use efficiency and apparent nitrogen balance. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2014, 28(1): 209-214 (in Chinese)
[26] Li Y-Q (李永强), Wang Y-M (王雅楣), Yang Y-C (杨越超), et al. Effects of nitrification inhibitors and sulphur coated urea (SCU) on different nitrogen sources and wheat yield. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment (农业资源与环境学报), 2016, 33(3): 230-237 (in Chinese)
[27] Bai X (白雪), Xia Z-W (夏宗伟), Guo Y-L (郭彦玲), et al. Effects of nitrification inhibitors on N2O emission from different upland agricultural soils. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2012, 31(9): 2319-2329 (in Chinese)
[2] Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL. Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: A review. Annals of Applied Biology, 2013, 162: 145-173
[3] Zheng J, Kilasara MM, Mmari WN, et al. Ammonia volatilization following urea application at maize fields in the East African highlands with different soil properties. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2018, 54: 411-422
[4] Cai GX, Chen DL, Ding H, et al. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2002, 63: 187-195
[5] Bouraima AK, He B, Tian T. Runoff, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from purple slope cropland soil under rating fertilization in Three Gorges Region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23: 4541-4550
[6] Wang J-G (王敬国), Lin S (林杉), Li B-G (李保国). Nitrogen cycling and management strategies in Chinese agriculture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(3): 503-517 (in Chinese)
[7] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[8] Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang F-S (张福锁). Effect of reduced N application on N utilization and balance in winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(3): 458-462 (in Chinese)
[9] Zhang H-Y (张华艳), Niu L-A (牛灵安), Hao J-M (郝晋珉), et al. Effects of straw returning combined with slow release fertilizer on soil nutrient and crop yield. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2018, 49(1): 140-149 (in Chinese)
[10] Shaviva A. Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy, 2001, 71: 1-49
[11] Yang Y (杨岩), Tan D-S (谭德水), Jiang L-H (江丽华), et al. The effects of one-off fertilization of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(20): 3909-3919 (in Chinese)
[12] Sun S-B (孙绍宾). How to use soil conditioner correc-tly without deep tillage. Northern Horticulture (北方园艺), 2003(4): 80 (in Chinese)
[13] Ding WX, Yu HY, Cai ZC. Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011, 47: 91-99
[14] Dai Y (戴宇), He J-Z (贺纪正), Shen J-P (沈菊培). Effects and influence factors of dicyandiamide (DCD) application in agricultural ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(1): 279-286 (in Chinese)
[15] Peng Y-J (彭亚静), Wang X-Y (汪新颖), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of root layer regulation on nitrogen utilization and soil NO3--N redsidue of wheat-maize system. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(11): 2187-2198 (in Chinese)
[16] Zheng X, Mei B, Wang Y, et al. Quantification of N2O fluxes from soil-plant systems may be biased by the applied gas chromatograph methodology. Plant and Soil, 2008, 311: 211-234
[17] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil: Venting method. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2002, 8(2): 205-209 (in Chinese)
[18] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[19] Lu Y-L (卢艳丽), Bai Y-L (白由路), Wang L (王磊), et al. Efficiency analysis of slow/controlled release fertilizer on wheat-maize in North China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(1): 209-215 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhao Z-C (赵自超), Han X (韩笑), Shi Y-F (石岳峰), et al. Effect of nitrification and urease inhibitor on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in North China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2016, 32(6): 254-262 (in Chinese)
[21] Liu Y-W (刘雅文), Ma Z-H (马资厚), Pan F-Y (潘复燕), et al. Effects of different soil additives on rice yield and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Tai Lake region. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2017, 36(7): 1395-1405 (in Chinese)
[22] Ye Q (叶青), Cao G-J (曹国军), Geng Y-H (耿玉辉). Nutrient efficient utilization of controlled-release N fertilizer in wheat-maize cropping system. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences (江苏农业科学), 2016, 44(8): 124-129 (in Chinese)
[23] Xie Y-Q (谢玉前). Application of microbial fertilizer on food crops. Horticulture & Seed (园艺与种苗), 2016(3): 16-17 (in Chinese)
[24] Dong L (董亮), Zhang Y-F (张玉凤), Liu P (刘苹), et al. Effects of decreasing controlled-release fertilizer application rate on yield and quality of potato, and soil nitrate content. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi (江西农业学报), 2012, 24(6): 86-89 (in Chinese)
[25] Liu J-T (刘建涛), Zhang H-Y (张会永), Wang X (王雪), et al. Effects of nitrogen regulator on wheat growth, nitrogen use efficiency and apparent nitrogen balance. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2014, 28(1): 209-214 (in Chinese)
[26] Li Y-Q (李永强), Wang Y-M (王雅楣), Yang Y-C (杨越超), et al. Effects of nitrification inhibitors and sulphur coated urea (SCU) on different nitrogen sources and wheat yield. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment (农业资源与环境学报), 2016, 33(3): 230-237 (in Chinese)
[27] Bai X (白雪), Xia Z-W (夏宗伟), Guo Y-L (郭彦玲), et al. Effects of nitrification inhibitors on N2O emission from different upland agricultural soils. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2012, 31(9): 2319-2329 (in Chinese)