基施沼渣替代化肥氮对葡萄生长发育及品质的影响
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摘要
研究基施沼渣替代不同比例化肥氮对葡萄生长发育和品质的影响,以期为大面积生产上葡萄园基肥施用沼渣技术的推广和应用提供一定的理论参考。以氮元素含量为定量指标,设计1个全施化肥处理和5个基施沼渣替代化肥氮处理。研究结果表明,随着基施沼渣替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄产量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,70%NZ(沼渣氮替代70%化肥氮)处理产量最高,为19 684.0 kg/hm2;粒重和穗重呈现同样的变化趋势。随着基施沼渣替代化肥氮比例的增加,萌芽至成熟天数、叶片SPAD值、新梢节间长、粗度、百叶鲜重及单叶面积等生长指标都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其中以150%NZ处理最高,表现出成熟期延迟,贪青晚熟,从而影响产量。基施沼渣替代化肥氮可改善葡萄果粒品质。可溶性固形物、Vc和固酸比,以50%NZ和70%NZ处理较高;有机酸含量则以50%NZ处理最低。随着基施沼渣替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄果粒重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和As含量都有所增加,以150%NZ处理含量最高,而重金属Cr含量则有所下降。各处理中葡萄果粒重金属含量均低于相应的污染物限量标准(GB 2762—2005)。因此,本研究认为,综合葡萄产量和品质指标,沼渣替代70%化肥氮可作为葡萄园定量化基施沼渣的参考。
The effect of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer on grape growth and quality was studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for the promotion and application of the technology of biogas residue as basal fertilizer for grape production. The content of nitrogen was taken as quantitative index,a chemical fertilizer treatment and five treatments of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer were designed. The results showed that the grape yield increased firstly and then decreased,with the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer,and the yield of 70%NZ treatment was the highest,as 19 684.0 kg/hm~2;grain weight and ear weight showed the same trend. With the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer,some growth indicators such as days from germination to maturity,leaf SPAD values,the internode length and roughness of new tip,100 leaves fresh weight and single leaf area,showed gradually growing trend,and 150%NZ treatment was the highest,which showed delayed maturation period,greediness and late maturation,and then affected the yield. The quality of grape fruit granule was improved by using biogas residue as basal fertilizer. Soluble solids,Vc and solid acid ratios of 50%NZ and 70%NZ treatments were higher,the organic acid content of 50%NZ treatment was the lowest. The contents of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and As in grape fruit granule increased slightly,while the contents of Cr decreased slightly,with the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer. The contents of heavy metal in grape fruit granule of all treatments were lower than the maximum levels of contaminants in foods(GB 2762—2005). Therefore,in this study,the parameter of 70% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer can be used as a reference for quantitative application of biogas residue as basal fertilizer on grape production,combined with grape yield and quality indicators.
The effect of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer on grape growth and quality was studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for the promotion and application of the technology of biogas residue as basal fertilizer for grape production. The content of nitrogen was taken as quantitative index,a chemical fertilizer treatment and five treatments of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer were designed. The results showed that the grape yield increased firstly and then decreased,with the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer,and the yield of 70%NZ treatment was the highest,as 19 684.0 kg/hm~2;grain weight and ear weight showed the same trend. With the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer,some growth indicators such as days from germination to maturity,leaf SPAD values,the internode length and roughness of new tip,100 leaves fresh weight and single leaf area,showed gradually growing trend,and 150%NZ treatment was the highest,which showed delayed maturation period,greediness and late maturation,and then affected the yield. The quality of grape fruit granule was improved by using biogas residue as basal fertilizer. Soluble solids,Vc and solid acid ratios of 50%NZ and 70%NZ treatments were higher,the organic acid content of 50%NZ treatment was the lowest. The contents of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and As in grape fruit granule increased slightly,while the contents of Cr decreased slightly,with the increase of the ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer. The contents of heavy metal in grape fruit granule of all treatments were lower than the maximum levels of contaminants in foods(GB 2762—2005). Therefore,in this study,the parameter of 70% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen substitution by biogas residue as basal fertilizer can be used as a reference for quantitative application of biogas residue as basal fertilizer on grape production,combined with grape yield and quality indicators.
引文
[1]冯伟,管涛,王晓宇,等.沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(4):1007-1012.
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[3]高威,陶晓婷,王远玲,等.养猪场养殖废水与化肥配施对小麦中微量元素含量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):433-440.
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[7]颜炳佐,徐维田,于鹏波.沼渣沼液对提高红提葡萄产量和品质的研究[J].中国沼气,2012,30(2):47-48.
[8]嵇东.沼渣沼液对提高葡萄产量与品质的研究[J].河南农业,2017,20(7):13-14.
[9]张国听.沼肥在葡萄等作物上的应用试验[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(6):953-954.
[10]高英杰,侯振安,刘利鹏,等.不同有机肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].新疆农垦科技,2013,36(9):30-31.
[11]董志新,卜玉山,续珍,等.沼气肥养分物质和重金属含量差异及安全农用分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(3):105-110.
[12]董越勇,聂新军,王强,等.不同养殖规模猪场沼气工程沼液养分差异性分析[J].浙江农业科学,2017,58(12):2089-2092.
[13]刘芳,李泽碧,苏胜齐,等.沼液与化肥配施对葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].中国沼气,2009,(2):21-23.
[14]张进,吴良欢,王敏艳.铁氮配施对稻米中铁、锌、钙、镁和蛋白质含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(1):122-125.
[15]李玲玲.有机肥氮素有效性和替代化肥氮比例研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2011.
[16]刘红江,陈虞雯,孙国峰,等.有机肥-无机肥不同配施比例对水稻产量和农田养分流失的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(2):405-412.
[17]唐海明,程爱武,徐一兰,等.长期有机无机肥配施对双季稻区水稻干物质积累及产量的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(6):1091-1098.
[18]王秀娟.基于沼渣的无土栽培有机基质特性的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2006.
[19]马嘉伟.沼渣、竹炭对土壤肥力质量和水稻产量及养分吸收的影响[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2013.
[20]周敏,廖淼玲,郭亮,等.不同有机肥对葡萄产量、品质及土壤养分的影响[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(11):24-28.
[21]孙聪伟,杨丽丽,陈展,等.施氮量对巨峰葡萄生长和果实品质的影响[J].河北农业科学,2017,21(5):38-41.
[22]李淑红,王磊,史文婷,等.不同营养液浓度对“巨峰”葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(3):394-401.
[23]程杰山,蒋爱丽,奚晓军,等.不同施肥量对“巨玫瑰”葡萄生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(25):167-171.
[24]秦文弟,夏金亮,蒋湖波,等.沼渣施肥对豇豆产量和重金属含量及土壤重金属积累的影响[J].北方园艺,2018,402(3):125-129.
[25]GB2762—2005,食品中污染物限量[S].
[26]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.
[27]石先罗,张卫东,王风,等.沼液沼渣农用生态环境风险研究进展[J].生态经济(学术版),2014,(1):12-15,19.
[28]Odlare M,Pell M,Svensson K.Changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties during 4 years of application of various organic residues[J].Waste Management,2008,28(7):1246-1253.
[29]杨乐,王开勇,庞玮,等.新疆绿洲区连续五年施用沼液对农田土壤质量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(5):15-21.
[2]王子臣,管永祥,盛婧,等.水稻分蘖期沼液施灌对农田水体氮素的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(12):1544-1551.
[3]高威,陶晓婷,王远玲,等.养猪场养殖废水与化肥配施对小麦中微量元素含量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):433-440.
[4]陶晓婷,朱正杰,高威,等.规模化猪场处理废水与化肥配施对小麦氮素吸收利用的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):555-561.
[5]Chen G,Zhao G H,Zhang H M,et al.Biogas slurry use as N fertilizer for two-season Zizania aquatica Turcz.in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,107(3):303-320.
[6]王志典,马东辉.沼液间接地下滴灌对红提葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2018,24(5):46-47.
[7]颜炳佐,徐维田,于鹏波.沼渣沼液对提高红提葡萄产量和品质的研究[J].中国沼气,2012,30(2):47-48.
[8]嵇东.沼渣沼液对提高葡萄产量与品质的研究[J].河南农业,2017,20(7):13-14.
[9]张国听.沼肥在葡萄等作物上的应用试验[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(6):953-954.
[10]高英杰,侯振安,刘利鹏,等.不同有机肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].新疆农垦科技,2013,36(9):30-31.
[11]董志新,卜玉山,续珍,等.沼气肥养分物质和重金属含量差异及安全农用分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(3):105-110.
[12]董越勇,聂新军,王强,等.不同养殖规模猪场沼气工程沼液养分差异性分析[J].浙江农业科学,2017,58(12):2089-2092.
[13]刘芳,李泽碧,苏胜齐,等.沼液与化肥配施对葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].中国沼气,2009,(2):21-23.
[14]张进,吴良欢,王敏艳.铁氮配施对稻米中铁、锌、钙、镁和蛋白质含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(1):122-125.
[15]李玲玲.有机肥氮素有效性和替代化肥氮比例研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2011.
[16]刘红江,陈虞雯,孙国峰,等.有机肥-无机肥不同配施比例对水稻产量和农田养分流失的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(2):405-412.
[17]唐海明,程爱武,徐一兰,等.长期有机无机肥配施对双季稻区水稻干物质积累及产量的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(6):1091-1098.
[18]王秀娟.基于沼渣的无土栽培有机基质特性的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2006.
[19]马嘉伟.沼渣、竹炭对土壤肥力质量和水稻产量及养分吸收的影响[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2013.
[20]周敏,廖淼玲,郭亮,等.不同有机肥对葡萄产量、品质及土壤养分的影响[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(11):24-28.
[21]孙聪伟,杨丽丽,陈展,等.施氮量对巨峰葡萄生长和果实品质的影响[J].河北农业科学,2017,21(5):38-41.
[22]李淑红,王磊,史文婷,等.不同营养液浓度对“巨峰”葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(3):394-401.
[23]程杰山,蒋爱丽,奚晓军,等.不同施肥量对“巨玫瑰”葡萄生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(25):167-171.
[24]秦文弟,夏金亮,蒋湖波,等.沼渣施肥对豇豆产量和重金属含量及土壤重金属积累的影响[J].北方园艺,2018,402(3):125-129.
[25]GB2762—2005,食品中污染物限量[S].
[26]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.
[27]石先罗,张卫东,王风,等.沼液沼渣农用生态环境风险研究进展[J].生态经济(学术版),2014,(1):12-15,19.
[28]Odlare M,Pell M,Svensson K.Changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties during 4 years of application of various organic residues[J].Waste Management,2008,28(7):1246-1253.
[29]杨乐,王开勇,庞玮,等.新疆绿洲区连续五年施用沼液对农田土壤质量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(5):15-21.