人工智能创作物著作权保护问题研究
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摘要
随着人工智能技术的深入发展,人工智能逐渐渗透到文化领域,人工智能创作文学、音乐、美术作品的出现将人工智能创作物著作权保护问题提上议程。本文从人工智能创作物作者界定、独创性判定和权利归属确定等角度分析人工智能著作权保护所面临的问题,并从著作权"利益平衡"精神、技术创新与著作权制度协同发展和市场公平竞争等方面指出人工智能创作物著作权保护的必要性,总结国外相关经验,对我国人工智能创作物著作权保护提出设想。
With the advent of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence gradually penetrated into the culture field. As a consequence, the artificial intelligence generated works, such as literature, music and artworks put the issue of copyright protection on the agenda. This article provides an in-depth study of the problems faced by the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works from the perspectives of the author, the originality and the copyright ownership. In terms of the balance of interests, technological innovation and the collaborative development of copyright systems and fair competition in the market, it can be proved that the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works is of great importance. Based on the relevant solutions, this article attempts to put forward tentative idea for the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works in China.
With the advent of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence gradually penetrated into the culture field. As a consequence, the artificial intelligence generated works, such as literature, music and artworks put the issue of copyright protection on the agenda. This article provides an in-depth study of the problems faced by the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works from the perspectives of the author, the originality and the copyright ownership. In terms of the balance of interests, technological innovation and the collaborative development of copyright systems and fair competition in the market, it can be proved that the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works is of great importance. Based on the relevant solutions, this article attempts to put forward tentative idea for the copyright protection of artificial intelligence generated works in China.
引文
1.James Grimmelmann.There’s No Such Thing as a ComputerAuthored Work-And It’s a Good Thing,Too[J].Columbia Journal of Law&the Arts,2016(39):406.
2.Bartu Kaleagasi.A New AI Can Write Music as Well as a Human Composer[EB/OL].[2017-03-09].https://futurism.com/a-newai-can-write-music-as-well-as-a-human-composer/.
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4.孙那.人工智能创作成果的可版权性问题探讨[J].出版发行研究,2017(12):18.
5.With recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics(2015/2103(INL)).[EB/OL].[2017-01-27].http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A8-2017-0005&language=EN.
6.The CONTU Final Report[EB/OL].[2018-03-08].http://digital-law-online.info/CONTU/PDF/index.html.
7.Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.[EB/OL].[2018-03-08].http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents.
8.王小夏,付强.人工智能创作物著作权问题探析[J].中国出版,2017(17):33.
9.Trade-Mark Cases,100 U.S.82(1879).[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].www.pddoc.com/copyright/trade_mark_cases.htm.
10.United States Copyright Office.Compendium of U.S.Copyricht Office Practices(Third Edition)[EB/OL].[2017-09-29].https://www.cpyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf.
11.曹源.人工智能创作物获得版权保护的合理性[J].科技与法律,2016(3):495.
12.罗祥,张国安.著作权法视角下人工智能创作物保护[J].河南财经政法大学学报,2017(6):145.
13.王迁.著作权法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:11.
14.Walter v Lane[1900]A.C.539[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://www.cipil.law.cam.ac.uk/virtual-museum/walter-v-lane-1900-ac-539.
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21.Robert Yu.The Machine Author:What Level of Copyright Protection is Appropriate for Fully Independent Computer Generated Works[J].University of Pennsylvania Law Review,2017,165(5):1262.
22.郭剑寒,程博.网络时代知识产权利益平衡--以著作权利益平衡制度为核心的解读[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2006(4):40.
23.冯晓青.著作权法的利益平衡理论研究[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2008(6):113.
24.R F沃尔,杰里米·菲利普斯.版权与现代技术[J].国外法学,1984(6):17.
25.苏贵友.网络时代版权制度的扩张与重构--技术发展视角下的著作权未来[J].出版广角,2014(14):60.
26.冯晓青,胡梦云.技术变革与著作权法之间的关系--以法律史为基础的理论思考[J].武陵学刊,2011(4):83.
27.吴汉东.网络版权的技术革命、产业变革与制度创新[J].中国版权,2016(6):6.
28.Zatarain J M N.The role of automated technology in the creation of copyright works:the challenges of artificial intelligence[J].International Review of Law,Computers&Technology,2017,31(1):92.
29.Tim Cushing.New‘Company’Claims It Uses Algorithms to Create Content Faster Than Creators Can,Making All Future Creations‘Infringing’[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140929/08500728662/new-company-claims-it-usesalgorithms-to-create-content-faster-than-creators-can-making-allfuture-creations-infringing.shtml.
30.邹举.制度经济学视角下版权制度与版权经济的关联分析[J].编辑之友,2018(1):90.
31.黄先蓉,程梦瑶.传承与突破:2017年出版传媒业政策法规盘点[J].出版广角,2018(3):18.
32.Ryan Abbott.Artificial Intelligence,Big Data and Intellectual Property:Protecting Computer-Generated Works in the United Kingdom.Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Digital Technologies(Tanya Aplin,ed),Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2017:10.
33.姜颖.作品独创性判定标准的比较研究[J].知识产权,2004(3):12.
34.Arthur R.Miller.Copyright Protection for Computer Programs,Databases,and Computer-Generated Works:Is Anything New Since CONTU[J].Harvard Law Review,1993,106(5):1049-1050.
35.乔丽春.“独立创作”作为“独创性”内涵的证伪[J].知识产权,2011(7):38.
36.Pamela Samuelson.Allocating Ownership Rights in ComputerGenerated Works[J].University of Pittsburgh Law Review,1986,47(4):1214.
37.Annemarie Bridy.Coding Creativity:Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author[J].Stanford Technology Law Review,2012:25.
38.Butler T L.Can a Computer be an Author-Copyright Aspects of Artificial Intelligence[J].A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law,1981(4):741.
39.James Wagner,Rise of the Artificial Intelligence Author[J].Advocate(Vancouver Bar Association),2017,70(4):532.
40.易继明.人工智能创作物是作品吗?[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(5):143.
2.Bartu Kaleagasi.A New AI Can Write Music as Well as a Human Composer[EB/OL].[2017-03-09].https://futurism.com/a-newai-can-write-music-as-well-as-a-human-composer/.
3.Dom Galeon.The World’s First Album Composed and Produced by an AI Has Been Unveiled[EB/OL].[2017-08-21].https://futurism.com/the-worlds-first-album-composed-and-produced-by-an-aihas-been-unveiled/.
4.孙那.人工智能创作成果的可版权性问题探讨[J].出版发行研究,2017(12):18.
5.With recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics(2015/2103(INL)).[EB/OL].[2017-01-27].http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A8-2017-0005&language=EN.
6.The CONTU Final Report[EB/OL].[2018-03-08].http://digital-law-online.info/CONTU/PDF/index.html.
7.Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.[EB/OL].[2018-03-08].http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents.
8.王小夏,付强.人工智能创作物著作权问题探析[J].中国出版,2017(17):33.
9.Trade-Mark Cases,100 U.S.82(1879).[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].www.pddoc.com/copyright/trade_mark_cases.htm.
10.United States Copyright Office.Compendium of U.S.Copyricht Office Practices(Third Edition)[EB/OL].[2017-09-29].https://www.cpyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf.
11.曹源.人工智能创作物获得版权保护的合理性[J].科技与法律,2016(3):495.
12.罗祥,张国安.著作权法视角下人工智能创作物保护[J].河南财经政法大学学报,2017(6):145.
13.王迁.著作权法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:11.
14.Walter v Lane[1900]A.C.539[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://www.cipil.law.cam.ac.uk/virtual-museum/walter-v-lane-1900-ac-539.
15.Bleistein v.Donaldson Lithographing Co.,188 U.S.239(1903)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/188/239/case.html.
16.Feist Pubs.,Inc.v.Rural Tel.Svc.Co.,Inc.,499 U.S.340(1991).[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/499/340/.
17.Gervais D J.Feist goes Global:A Comparative Analysis of the Notion of Originality in Copyright Law[J].Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A.,2002,49(4):968.
18.Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs(Codified version),Art.1(3)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0024&qid=1523328439516&from=EN.
19.Directive 96191EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases,Art.3(1)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31996L0009&qid=1523327985221&from=EN.
20.Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights(codified version),Art.6(photographs)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0116&from=EN.
21.Robert Yu.The Machine Author:What Level of Copyright Protection is Appropriate for Fully Independent Computer Generated Works[J].University of Pennsylvania Law Review,2017,165(5):1262.
22.郭剑寒,程博.网络时代知识产权利益平衡--以著作权利益平衡制度为核心的解读[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2006(4):40.
23.冯晓青.著作权法的利益平衡理论研究[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2008(6):113.
24.R F沃尔,杰里米·菲利普斯.版权与现代技术[J].国外法学,1984(6):17.
25.苏贵友.网络时代版权制度的扩张与重构--技术发展视角下的著作权未来[J].出版广角,2014(14):60.
26.冯晓青,胡梦云.技术变革与著作权法之间的关系--以法律史为基础的理论思考[J].武陵学刊,2011(4):83.
27.吴汉东.网络版权的技术革命、产业变革与制度创新[J].中国版权,2016(6):6.
28.Zatarain J M N.The role of automated technology in the creation of copyright works:the challenges of artificial intelligence[J].International Review of Law,Computers&Technology,2017,31(1):92.
29.Tim Cushing.New‘Company’Claims It Uses Algorithms to Create Content Faster Than Creators Can,Making All Future Creations‘Infringing’[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140929/08500728662/new-company-claims-it-usesalgorithms-to-create-content-faster-than-creators-can-making-allfuture-creations-infringing.shtml.
30.邹举.制度经济学视角下版权制度与版权经济的关联分析[J].编辑之友,2018(1):90.
31.黄先蓉,程梦瑶.传承与突破:2017年出版传媒业政策法规盘点[J].出版广角,2018(3):18.
32.Ryan Abbott.Artificial Intelligence,Big Data and Intellectual Property:Protecting Computer-Generated Works in the United Kingdom.Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Digital Technologies(Tanya Aplin,ed),Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2017:10.
33.姜颖.作品独创性判定标准的比较研究[J].知识产权,2004(3):12.
34.Arthur R.Miller.Copyright Protection for Computer Programs,Databases,and Computer-Generated Works:Is Anything New Since CONTU[J].Harvard Law Review,1993,106(5):1049-1050.
35.乔丽春.“独立创作”作为“独创性”内涵的证伪[J].知识产权,2011(7):38.
36.Pamela Samuelson.Allocating Ownership Rights in ComputerGenerated Works[J].University of Pittsburgh Law Review,1986,47(4):1214.
37.Annemarie Bridy.Coding Creativity:Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author[J].Stanford Technology Law Review,2012:25.
38.Butler T L.Can a Computer be an Author-Copyright Aspects of Artificial Intelligence[J].A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law,1981(4):741.
39.James Wagner,Rise of the Artificial Intelligence Author[J].Advocate(Vancouver Bar Association),2017,70(4):532.
40.易继明.人工智能创作物是作品吗?[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(5):143.