稻草覆盖和厢边种植大豆对玉米产量、养分利用及径流损失的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究稻草覆盖或厢边种植大豆等农艺措施对玉米产量、氮磷钾养分利用和径流损失的影响,为探索旱地作物高产高效种植的有效农艺措施提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间小区试验,设不施肥且无农艺措施(CK)、施化肥但无农艺措施(CF)、施化肥+覆盖稻草(CF+R)、施化肥+厢边种植大豆(CF+S)和施化肥+稻草覆盖+厢边种植大豆(CF+R+S)5个处理,探讨稻草覆盖和厢边种植大豆对玉米产量、氮磷钾养分利用及径流损失的影响。【结果】与CF处理相比,CF+R和CF+R+S处理的玉米产量分别显著增加16.0%和23.2%(P<0.05,下同),玉米生育期内总径流量分别显著减少18.5%和22.0%,地上部氮素和钾素累积量分别显著提高20.1%和25.6%、15.2%和20.1%,磷素累积量无显著变化(P>0.05,下同),氮、磷、钾径流损失量显著减少33.6%和40.2%、38.0%和40.0%、38.8%和46.6%。CF+S处理对玉米增产和氮、钾肥料增效的影响不显著,未能有效拦截地表径流和减少氮钾养分的径流损失,但可显著减少17.7%的磷素养分损失。【结论】稻草覆盖或稻草覆盖结合厢边种植大豆的农艺措施能显著增加玉米产量,显著提高氮素和钾素利用率,并显著减少氮、磷和钾素径流损失。其中稻草覆盖结合厢边种植大豆农艺措施的增产效应、肥料利用效应和养分损失环境效应相对较佳,可在南方丘陵地区大田旱地作物种植中推广应用。
【Objective】In order to explore the effective agronomic measures for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation in upland,the effects of the agronomic measures of rice-straw mulching and planting soybeans around maize blocks on yields,utilization and runoff losses of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in crops systemstudied were studied.【Method】Field plot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice-straw mulching and planting soybean around cultivated plots on maize yield,NPK nutrient utilization efficiency and runoff losses. Five treatments were set up,which were the control without fertilization and agronomic measures(CK),treatment of chemical fertilizer application without agronomic measures(CF),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with rice-straw mulching(CF+R),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with planting soybean around cultivated block(CF+S),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with rice-straw mulching and planting soybeans around cultivated block(CF + R + S).【Result】The results showed that compared with CF,the yield of maize treated with CF+R and CF+R+S could significantly increase by 16.0%and 23.2%(P<0.05,the same below),the total runoff volume during the growth period of maize significantly decrease by18.5% and 22.0%,N and K accumulation of maize above ground significantly increased by 20.1% and 25.6%,15.2% and20.1%,respectively,there was no significant change in P uptake(P>0.05,the same below). Runoff N,P and K losses were significantly reduced by 33.6% and 40.2%,38.0% and 40.0%,38.8% and 46.6%,respectively. CF+S had no significant effects on increased maize yield and N and K nutrient utilization efficiency. It could not effectively block surface runoff and soil N and K runoff losses,but its effect on on soil P runoff losses was significant,with a reduction rate of 17.7%.【Conclusion】The agronomic measures of rice-straw mulching or rice-straw mulching combined with planting soybean around cultivated block can significantly increase maize yield and utilization efficiency of N and P,and significantly reduce runoff losses of N,P and K. Among them,the effects of rice-straw mulching combined with planting soybean around cultivated block on increasing yield,fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient loss are fine,which can be popularized and applied in dryland crop cultivation in southern hilly areas.
【Objective】In order to explore the effective agronomic measures for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation in upland,the effects of the agronomic measures of rice-straw mulching and planting soybeans around maize blocks on yields,utilization and runoff losses of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in crops systemstudied were studied.【Method】Field plot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice-straw mulching and planting soybean around cultivated plots on maize yield,NPK nutrient utilization efficiency and runoff losses. Five treatments were set up,which were the control without fertilization and agronomic measures(CK),treatment of chemical fertilizer application without agronomic measures(CF),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with rice-straw mulching(CF+R),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with planting soybean around cultivated block(CF+S),treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with rice-straw mulching and planting soybeans around cultivated block(CF + R + S).【Result】The results showed that compared with CF,the yield of maize treated with CF+R and CF+R+S could significantly increase by 16.0%and 23.2%(P<0.05,the same below),the total runoff volume during the growth period of maize significantly decrease by18.5% and 22.0%,N and K accumulation of maize above ground significantly increased by 20.1% and 25.6%,15.2% and20.1%,respectively,there was no significant change in P uptake(P>0.05,the same below). Runoff N,P and K losses were significantly reduced by 33.6% and 40.2%,38.0% and 40.0%,38.8% and 46.6%,respectively. CF+S had no significant effects on increased maize yield and N and K nutrient utilization efficiency. It could not effectively block surface runoff and soil N and K runoff losses,but its effect on on soil P runoff losses was significant,with a reduction rate of 17.7%.【Conclusion】The agronomic measures of rice-straw mulching or rice-straw mulching combined with planting soybean around cultivated block can significantly increase maize yield and utilization efficiency of N and P,and significantly reduce runoff losses of N,P and K. Among them,the effects of rice-straw mulching combined with planting soybean around cultivated block on increasing yield,fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient loss are fine,which can be popularized and applied in dryland crop cultivation in southern hilly areas.
引文
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焦晓光,王晓军,徐欣,周珂,谢洪宝,高洪生.2018.秸秆覆盖条件下不同施氮水平对春玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].土壤与作物,7(2):242-247.[Jiao X G,Wang XJ,Xu X,Zhou K,Xie H B,Gao H S.2018.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on spring maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency under straw cover[J].Soils and Crops,7(2):242-247.]
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