制度创新如何面对自动驾驶——基于道路测试制度的观察与反思
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摘要
自动驾驶技术作为人工智能领域的先驱者,其发展受到制度等因素的掣肘,回应型的制度创新是自动驾驶国际竞争格局下的必然选择,而当前的技术发展正处于道路测试阶段,围绕道路测试的制度创新已成为最迫切的问题。通过梳理既有自动驾驶道路测试制度发现,制度学习和制度竞争是其制度形成的主要路径,但这种制度创新也并非完美无瑕,中国当前的制度存在背离法治原则、部分规范笼统、缺乏公众参与、社会影响存疑四大难题,致使自动驾驶技术在国际竞争处于劣势。理想的自动驾驶道路测试制度应该尽可能鼓励创新测试和防控高概率的安全性风险,并确立"中央制度框架+地方竞争规则"的制度体系,保障中国的自动驾驶技术在国际竞争中处于领先地位。
As the pioneer of artificial intelligence,autonomous driving is constrained by factors such as institutions,and responsive institutional innovation is an inevitable choice under the international competition pattern in autonomous driving. The current technological development is in the road test phase,and the test institutional innovation has become the most pressing issue. Through sorting out the existing autonomous driving road testing institutions,it is found that institutional learning and institutional competition are the main paths for the formation of its institutions,but this institutional innovation is also not perfect. The following problems in the current institutions of China led to the disadvantage of automatic driving in international competition: deviating from the principle of the rule of law,partial norms and generalities,lack of public participation,neglecting of social influence. The ideal automated driving road testing system should encourage innovation testing and prevention of high-probability safety risks as much as possible,and establish a system of"central institutional framework + local competition rules",which can be achieved through institutional learning,institutional competition to overcome practical problems and realize overtaking of curves to ensure that China's autonomous driving is in a leading position in international competition.
As the pioneer of artificial intelligence,autonomous driving is constrained by factors such as institutions,and responsive institutional innovation is an inevitable choice under the international competition pattern in autonomous driving. The current technological development is in the road test phase,and the test institutional innovation has become the most pressing issue. Through sorting out the existing autonomous driving road testing institutions,it is found that institutional learning and institutional competition are the main paths for the formation of its institutions,but this institutional innovation is also not perfect. The following problems in the current institutions of China led to the disadvantage of automatic driving in international competition: deviating from the principle of the rule of law,partial norms and generalities,lack of public participation,neglecting of social influence. The ideal automated driving road testing system should encourage innovation testing and prevention of high-probability safety risks as much as possible,and establish a system of"central institutional framework + local competition rules",which can be achieved through institutional learning,institutional competition to overcome practical problems and realize overtaking of curves to ensure that China's autonomous driving is in a leading position in international competition.
引文
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[2]胡迪·利普森,梅尔芭·库曼.无人驾驶[M].北京:文汇出版社,2017:2.
[3]SCHOETTLE B,SIVAK M. Public opinion about self-driving vehicles in China,India,Japan,the US,the UK,and Australia[R].2014.
[4]BONNEFON J F,SHARIFF A,RAHWAN I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles[J]. Science,2016,352(6293):1573-1576.
[5]MOSES L B. Recurring dilemmas:the law's race to keep up with technological change[J].U. Ill. JL Tech.&Pol'y,2007:239-286.
[6]贾开,赵彩莲.智能驾驶汽车产业的治理:发展、规制与公共政策选择[J].电子政务,2018(3):12-21.
[7]贝克,威尔姆斯.自由与资本主义[M].路国林,译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001:121.
[8]DIEHL R,THUE M I. Autonomous vehicle testing legislation:a review of best practices from states on the cutting edge[J].J. Tech. L.&Pol'y,2016,21:197-222.
[9]李磊.论中国自动驾驶汽车监管制度的建立[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2018(2):124-131.
[10]蒲晓磊.自动驾驶立法步伐要跟上[N].法制日报,2018-3-27:007.
[11]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(5):128-136.
[12]张玉洁.论无人驾驶汽车的行政法规制[J].行政法学研究,2018(1):68-77.
[13]靳文辉.制度竞争、制度互补和制度学习:地方政府制度创新路径[J].中国行政管理,2017(5):15-19.
[14]BRODSKY J S. Autonomous vehicle regulation:How an uncertain legal landscape may hit the brakes on self-driving cars[J].Berkeley technology law journal,2016,31(2):851-878.
[15]MACKOWSKI J. Good but not great:autonomous vehicles and the law in Florida[J].FIU law review,2015,11(1):221-254.
[16]OECD. OECD监管影响分析[M].席涛,吴秀尧,陈建伟,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:225.
[17]凯斯·R·桑斯坦.权利革命之后:重塑规制国[M].钟瑞华,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:83-115.
[18]曾祥华.论公众参与及其行政立法的正当性[J].中国行政管理,2004(12):65-69.
[19]KOOPMAN P,WAGNER M. Challenges in autonomous vehicle testing and validation[J].SAE international journal of transportation safety,2016,4(1):15-24.
[20]凯斯·R·桑斯坦.恐惧的规则:超越预防原则[M].王爱民,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:11-98.
[21]SPENCER D. The road to the future:a regulatory regime for the rise of the robot cars[J].William&Mary environmental law and policy review,2018,42(2):647-672.
[22]DIEHL R,THUE M I. Autonomous vehicle testing legislation:a review of best practices from states on the cutting edge[J].J. Tech. L.&Pol'y,2016,21:197-222.
[23]BROWNE B A. Self-driving cars:on the road to a new regulatory era[J].Case W. Res. JL Tech.&Internet,2017,8:1-19.
[24]HAYEK F A. Competition as a discovery procedure[J].The quarterly journal of austrian economics,2002,5(3):9-23.
[25]洪艳蓉.中国资产证券化的制度竞争与协调[J].证券市场导报,2006(9):16-24.
[26]冯兴元.地方政府竞争[M].南京:译林出版社,2010:1-67.
[27]程如烟.欧盟面向创新的规制改革及对中国的启示[J].中国科技论坛,2017(11):187-192.
[28]何珺.如何勾画我国智能网联汽车立法路线图[N].机电商报,2018-03-26:A02.