实用主义起源于一场误会吗?——对古典实用主义的产生与内在谱系的历史考察
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摘要
皮尔士等人所建立的形而上学俱乐部是实用主义的直接来源,其成员都对实用主义的产生做出了贡献。皮尔士受到经院实在论、精确实验科学的影响,这使他的实用主义原则带有自身的特色。随着詹姆斯对皮尔士原则的推广和运用,两人对实用主义的真正内涵产生了分歧和争论。而杜威则综合了皮尔士和詹姆斯的思想,最终构建了实用主义的完整体系,这充分表明实用主义的产生与发展是具有内在谱系的。
The metaphysical club established by Peirce and others is a direct source of pragmatism, and its members have contributed to the emergence of pragmatism. Peirce is influenced by scholastic realism and accurate experimental science, which renders pragmatism its own characteristics. With the promotion and application of pragmatical principle by James, there is a disagreement and controversy between them over the real intention of pragmatism. Dewey integrated the ideas of Peirce and James, and finally built a comprehensive system of pragmatism. It is fully demonstrated that the emergence and development of pragmatism have an inherent genealogy.
The metaphysical club established by Peirce and others is a direct source of pragmatism, and its members have contributed to the emergence of pragmatism. Peirce is influenced by scholastic realism and accurate experimental science, which renders pragmatism its own characteristics. With the promotion and application of pragmatical principle by James, there is a disagreement and controversy between them over the real intention of pragmatism. Dewey integrated the ideas of Peirce and James, and finally built a comprehensive system of pragmatism. It is fully demonstrated that the emergence and development of pragmatism have an inherent genealogy.
引文
[1]F.C.S.SCHILLER.Studies in humanism[M].New York:The Ma cmillan Company,1907.
[2]JOHN DEWEY.The later works.vol.5[M].Carbondale and Ed wardsville:Southern Illinois University Press,1988.
[3]简·杜威.杜威传[M].单中惠,译.合肥:安徽教育出版社,2009.
[4]约瑟夫·布伦特.皮尔士传[M].邵强进,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2008.
[5]RALPH BARTON PERRY.The thought and character of Willia m James:revealed in unpublished correspondence and notes,tog ether with his published writings.vol.2[M].Boston:Little,Bro wn and Co.,1935.
[6]托马斯·E.希尔.现代知识论[M].刘大椿,李德荣,高明光,等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989.
[7]孙咏.美国实用主义:演变及其当代走向--苏珊·哈克教授访谈录[J].广东社会科学,2014(2):62-74.
[8]HERBERT W.SCHEIDER.A history of American philosophy[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1946.
[9]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,Vol.5[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[10]OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.Collected legal papers[M].New York:Harcout,Brace and Co.,1920.
[11]OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.The common law[M].Boston:Little,Brown and Co.,1881.
[12]ROSCOE POUND.The spirit of the common law[M].Boston:Marshall Jones Co.,1921.
[13]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,vol.2[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[14]VINCENTG POTTER.Charles Sanders Peirce:1839-1914[C]//MARCUS G.SINGER.American philosophy.Cambridge:Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1985:21-41.
[15]CHARLES S.HARDWICK.Semiotic and significs:the correspondence between Charles S.Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1977.
[16]P.R.ANDERSON,M.H.FISCH.Philosophy in America:from the puritans to James[M].New York and London:D.Appleton-Century Company,1939.
[17]C.S.PEIRCE.The works of George Berkeley[J].The North American Reviews,1871,vol.cxiii:449-472.
[18]VINCENT M.COLAPIETRO.Charles Sanders Piece[C]//JOHNR.SHOOK,JOSEPH MARGOLIS.A companion to pragmatism.Malden:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2006:13-29.
[19]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,Vol.8[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[20]康德.纯粹理性批判[M].李秋零,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[21]WILLIAM JAME.Pragmatism,a new name for some old ways of thinking[M].New York:Longmans,Green,and CO.,1913.
[22]JOSEPH MARGOLIS.Introduction:pragmatism,retrospective and prospective[C]//JOHN R.SHOOK,JOSEPH MARGOLIS.Acompanion to pragmatism.Malden:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2006:1-10.
[23]威廉·詹姆斯.心理学原理[M].田平,译.北京:中国城市出版社,2003.
(1)皮尔士在1865年未发表的笔记中使用了“实用主义”一词,并且根据詹姆斯的回忆,皮尔士在形而上学俱乐部(1871—1874年)的一次内部报告中也使用了“实用主义”一词(因为没有保存当时报告的文献,所以无法查证),但是后来皮尔士发表的一系列阐明实用主义基本思想的论文并没有使用这一概念。直到1898年詹姆斯才第一次公开提出“实用主义”概念,这期间相隔了几十年。从皮尔士与詹姆斯的通信来看,皮尔士本人都不确定他是否提出过“实用主义”这一概念。正是由于皮尔士并未公开提出这一概念,并且竭力反对詹姆斯对他思想的解读,才引发了关于实用主义起源的诸多争议。
[2]JOHN DEWEY.The later works.vol.5[M].Carbondale and Ed wardsville:Southern Illinois University Press,1988.
[3]简·杜威.杜威传[M].单中惠,译.合肥:安徽教育出版社,2009.
[4]约瑟夫·布伦特.皮尔士传[M].邵强进,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2008.
[5]RALPH BARTON PERRY.The thought and character of Willia m James:revealed in unpublished correspondence and notes,tog ether with his published writings.vol.2[M].Boston:Little,Bro wn and Co.,1935.
[6]托马斯·E.希尔.现代知识论[M].刘大椿,李德荣,高明光,等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989.
[7]孙咏.美国实用主义:演变及其当代走向--苏珊·哈克教授访谈录[J].广东社会科学,2014(2):62-74.
[8]HERBERT W.SCHEIDER.A history of American philosophy[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1946.
[9]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,Vol.5[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[10]OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.Collected legal papers[M].New York:Harcout,Brace and Co.,1920.
[11]OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.The common law[M].Boston:Little,Brown and Co.,1881.
[12]ROSCOE POUND.The spirit of the common law[M].Boston:Marshall Jones Co.,1921.
[13]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,vol.2[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[14]VINCENTG POTTER.Charles Sanders Peirce:1839-1914[C]//MARCUS G.SINGER.American philosophy.Cambridge:Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1985:21-41.
[15]CHARLES S.HARDWICK.Semiotic and significs:the correspondence between Charles S.Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1977.
[16]P.R.ANDERSON,M.H.FISCH.Philosophy in America:from the puritans to James[M].New York and London:D.Appleton-Century Company,1939.
[17]C.S.PEIRCE.The works of George Berkeley[J].The North American Reviews,1871,vol.cxiii:449-472.
[18]VINCENT M.COLAPIETRO.Charles Sanders Piece[C]//JOHNR.SHOOK,JOSEPH MARGOLIS.A companion to pragmatism.Malden:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2006:13-29.
[19]CHARLES HARTSHORNE,PAUL WEISS,ARTHUR BRUKSed.Collected papers of Charles S.Peirce,Vol.8[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[20]康德.纯粹理性批判[M].李秋零,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[21]WILLIAM JAME.Pragmatism,a new name for some old ways of thinking[M].New York:Longmans,Green,and CO.,1913.
[22]JOSEPH MARGOLIS.Introduction:pragmatism,retrospective and prospective[C]//JOHN R.SHOOK,JOSEPH MARGOLIS.Acompanion to pragmatism.Malden:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2006:1-10.
[23]威廉·詹姆斯.心理学原理[M].田平,译.北京:中国城市出版社,2003.
(1)皮尔士在1865年未发表的笔记中使用了“实用主义”一词,并且根据詹姆斯的回忆,皮尔士在形而上学俱乐部(1871—1874年)的一次内部报告中也使用了“实用主义”一词(因为没有保存当时报告的文献,所以无法查证),但是后来皮尔士发表的一系列阐明实用主义基本思想的论文并没有使用这一概念。直到1898年詹姆斯才第一次公开提出“实用主义”概念,这期间相隔了几十年。从皮尔士与詹姆斯的通信来看,皮尔士本人都不确定他是否提出过“实用主义”这一概念。正是由于皮尔士并未公开提出这一概念,并且竭力反对詹姆斯对他思想的解读,才引发了关于实用主义起源的诸多争议。