基于成本利润率的两级供应链优化与协调
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摘要
本文以成本利润率为目标函数,研究了由供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链的优化与协调问题。首先分别提出分散决策、集中决策和回购策略下的供应链决策模型;其次,从理论上进行比较分析,通过比较得出集中决策情形下零售商的最优订货量高于分散决策情形下的最优订货量;供应商采用回购策略下零售商的最优订货量高于不采用回购策略下零售商的最优订货量;基于成本利润率最大化的订货量低于基于利润最大化时的订货量;再次,提出基于成本利润率的供应链回购协调机制;最后结合算例分析回购因子和需求的不确定性程度对零售商订货量、零售商和供应商成本利润率的影响。得到如下结论:零售商的订货量、零售商和供应商的成本利润率随着回购因子的增加而增加,随着需求不确定性程度的提高而下降。
The existing literatures related to supply chain optimization and coordination are mainly concerned about the player's profit maximization, utility maximization, and cost minimization. We investigate supply chain optimization and coordination issue based on the maximization of the rate of profit to cost(RPC). RPC represents the ratio of profit to the cost of one enterprise in a certain period. In reality, RPC is very useful for enterprises to choose operational varieties, and measure business benefit of each operational variety. RPC has more practical value for enterprise accounting report, because the accounting report users(including investors) are mainly concerned about the economic benefit of enterprise cost. RPC provides information about the relationship between enterprise's cost and income. This study investigates RPC maximization, optimization and coordination issues for a two stage supply chain consisting of one supplier and one retailer, in which the rate of profit to cost is represented as an objective function. The decision models under decentralization, centralization, and buyback policy are developed, respectively. The comparison analysis for the above three different decision models is then performed. The supply chain coordination mechanism with buyback policy based on RPC maximization is developed. At last, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed models, and analyze the impact of buyback factor and demand variation on the order quantity and the RPCs of the supplier and the retailer. Firstly, the decision models under decentralization, centralization, and buyback policy are developed, respectively. Using the first-order and second-order conditions, this study proved that the optimal order quantity exists in the above-mentioned decision models. Secondly, a comparison analysis is performed. The findings show that the order quantity with centralized decision is greater than that with decentralized decision, and the order quantity with buyback policy is greater than that without buyback policy. On the other hand, the order quantity based on profit maximization is greater than that based on RPC maximization. Thirdly, the supply chain coordination with buyback policy based on RPC maximization is developed. The principles for Pareto-optimality and integration optimality are satisfied, which means the RPCs for retailer and supplier with buyback policy are not lower than individual optimal RPCs, and RPC for supply chain with buyback policy equals to the optimal supply chain RPC. Lastly, the impact of buyback factor and demand variation degree on the order quantity and RPC are analyzed. In conclusion, the optimal order quantity and RPCs of the supplier and the retailer are increased with the increase of buyback factor. With the increase of demand variation degree, the optimal order quantity is reduced, the RPCs of the supplier, retailer, and the supply chain are decreased. In this paper, we only investigate supply chain optimization and coordination with simple wholesale price. In the future, we will further consider the following issues. Firstly, we assume the supplier's wholesale price and the retailer's sale price are exogenous variables in this paper. However, they are other important decision variables in supply chain operations. Therefore, the decisions on wholesale price and retail price can be introduced in the future. Secondly, we only consider the retailer's material cost and supplier's production cost in profit functions. The shortage cost and holding cost should be considered in future research. Lastly, we analyze supply chain optimization and coordination by considering a retailer's RPC maximization and a supply chain's RPC maximization.In the future,we can investigate supply chain optimization and coordination with a retailer's RPC maximization and a supplier's profit maximization.
The existing literatures related to supply chain optimization and coordination are mainly concerned about the player's profit maximization, utility maximization, and cost minimization. We investigate supply chain optimization and coordination issue based on the maximization of the rate of profit to cost(RPC). RPC represents the ratio of profit to the cost of one enterprise in a certain period. In reality, RPC is very useful for enterprises to choose operational varieties, and measure business benefit of each operational variety. RPC has more practical value for enterprise accounting report, because the accounting report users(including investors) are mainly concerned about the economic benefit of enterprise cost. RPC provides information about the relationship between enterprise's cost and income. This study investigates RPC maximization, optimization and coordination issues for a two stage supply chain consisting of one supplier and one retailer, in which the rate of profit to cost is represented as an objective function. The decision models under decentralization, centralization, and buyback policy are developed, respectively. The comparison analysis for the above three different decision models is then performed. The supply chain coordination mechanism with buyback policy based on RPC maximization is developed. At last, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed models, and analyze the impact of buyback factor and demand variation on the order quantity and the RPCs of the supplier and the retailer. Firstly, the decision models under decentralization, centralization, and buyback policy are developed, respectively. Using the first-order and second-order conditions, this study proved that the optimal order quantity exists in the above-mentioned decision models. Secondly, a comparison analysis is performed. The findings show that the order quantity with centralized decision is greater than that with decentralized decision, and the order quantity with buyback policy is greater than that without buyback policy. On the other hand, the order quantity based on profit maximization is greater than that based on RPC maximization. Thirdly, the supply chain coordination with buyback policy based on RPC maximization is developed. The principles for Pareto-optimality and integration optimality are satisfied, which means the RPCs for retailer and supplier with buyback policy are not lower than individual optimal RPCs, and RPC for supply chain with buyback policy equals to the optimal supply chain RPC. Lastly, the impact of buyback factor and demand variation degree on the order quantity and RPC are analyzed. In conclusion, the optimal order quantity and RPCs of the supplier and the retailer are increased with the increase of buyback factor. With the increase of demand variation degree, the optimal order quantity is reduced, the RPCs of the supplier, retailer, and the supply chain are decreased. In this paper, we only investigate supply chain optimization and coordination with simple wholesale price. In the future, we will further consider the following issues. Firstly, we assume the supplier's wholesale price and the retailer's sale price are exogenous variables in this paper. However, they are other important decision variables in supply chain operations. Therefore, the decisions on wholesale price and retail price can be introduced in the future. Secondly, we only consider the retailer's material cost and supplier's production cost in profit functions. The shortage cost and holding cost should be considered in future research. Lastly, we analyze supply chain optimization and coordination by considering a retailer's RPC maximization and a supply chain's RPC maximization.In the future,we can investigate supply chain optimization and coordination with a retailer's RPC maximization and a supplier's profit maximization.
引文
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[9]王芳,吴祈宗,崔春生.零售商主导的供应链回购契约研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2010,30(2):245-248.
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[11]莫降涛,毛宏,范婷等.退货量依赖销售量和价格的供应链协调性[J].运筹与管理,2012,21(1):105-110.
[12]于辉,陈剑,于刚.回购契约下供应链对突发事件的协调应对[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,8:38-43.
[13]添玉,黄道,刘东波.一种风险规避供应链的协调研究[J].华东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(1):132-138.
[14]吴军,李健,汪寿阳.供应链风险管理中的几个重要问题[J],管理科学学报,2006,9(6):1-12.
[15]Baron D.Point estimation and risk preference[J].American Statistical Association,1973,68:944-950.
[16]Horowitz I.Decision Making and the theory of the Firm[M].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston Inc,1970.
[17]Lau H.The newsboy problem under alternative optimization objectives[J].Journal of Operational Research society,1980,31:525-535.
[18]赵小芸,李传昭.基于产品定价的两级供应链的协调及利润分配机制的研究[J],科技管理研究,2006,6:184-186.
[19]刘策.成本利润率:利润底线守护者[J],明源地产研究,2014,53:6-7.
[2]陈剑,蔡连侨.供应链建模与优化[J].系统工程理论与实践,2001,21(6):26-33.
[3]Rosenfield D B.Global and variable cost manufacturing systems[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1996,95(2):325-343.
[4]Wang c,Webster S.The loss-averse newsvendor problem[J].Omega,2009,37(1):93-105.
[5]Xiao TJ,Shi K,Yang DQ.Coordination of a supply chain with consumer return under demand uncertainty[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2010,124:171-180.
[6]Qi XT,Bard JF,Yu G.Supply chain coordination with demand disruptions[J].Omega,2004,32:301-312.
[7]陈建林,汪传旭.供应商、运输商和购买商的供应链协调研究[J].工业工程与管理,2008,4:1-5.
[8]孙在东,尹涛,侯如靖.随机需求下的供应链协调策略分析[J].青岛大学学报(工程技术版),2009,24(2):58-61.
[9]王芳,吴祈宗,崔春生.零售商主导的供应链回购契约研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2010,30(2):245-248.
[10]王永利,胡支军.回购契约下具有损失厌恶型零售商的供应链协调问题[J].贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2009,26(6):138-142.
[11]莫降涛,毛宏,范婷等.退货量依赖销售量和价格的供应链协调性[J].运筹与管理,2012,21(1):105-110.
[12]于辉,陈剑,于刚.回购契约下供应链对突发事件的协调应对[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,8:38-43.
[13]添玉,黄道,刘东波.一种风险规避供应链的协调研究[J].华东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(1):132-138.
[14]吴军,李健,汪寿阳.供应链风险管理中的几个重要问题[J],管理科学学报,2006,9(6):1-12.
[15]Baron D.Point estimation and risk preference[J].American Statistical Association,1973,68:944-950.
[16]Horowitz I.Decision Making and the theory of the Firm[M].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston Inc,1970.
[17]Lau H.The newsboy problem under alternative optimization objectives[J].Journal of Operational Research society,1980,31:525-535.
[18]赵小芸,李传昭.基于产品定价的两级供应链的协调及利润分配机制的研究[J],科技管理研究,2006,6:184-186.
[19]刘策.成本利润率:利润底线守护者[J],明源地产研究,2014,53:6-7.