基于卫星遥感数据的森林病虫害监测与评价
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摘要
森林病虫害由于在森林资源中造成的重大破坏而被人们称为"不冒烟的火灾",其对生态系统的研究具有重要意义。现有基于遥感数据的病虫害研究多集中在森林病虫害的监测、爆发原因以及发病区域内生产力的变化情况,而对于森林病虫害发生后森林中植被指数与叶面积指数之间的相关性的变化情况还相对较少,处于需要持续性深入探讨的阶段。以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚地区2002—2012年森林病虫害数据为基础,分析不同严重程度的病虫害对叶面积指数(LAI)与归一化植被指数(NDVI)和增强型植被指数(EVI)的影响。结果表明:①受病虫害感染的像元在轻度(Light)、中度(Moderate)和重度(Severe)三个严重级别中,NDVI与LAI之间的相关性由弱变强,又由强变弱;②EVI与LAI之间的相关性,在轻度(Light)、中度(Moderate)和重度(Severe)三个严重级别的像元中则依次变强。这一研究将为今后利用遥感数据识别病虫害、评价生态系统影响提供基础。
Forest insect has been known as the "Fire without Smoke" due to their major damages to forest resources. Therefore it is of great significance for research on ecosystem safety. Current remote sensing based monitoring of forest insect outbreak mainly focuses on its distributions, reasons and consequent influences on productivity. Using insect outbreak data acquired at British Colombia in Canada over 2002-2012, we here provide an analysis of the impacts of insect intensity on relationship between leaf area index(LAI) and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index(EVI). We showed that for pixels converting from light to moderate and from moderate to severe, correlations between LAI and NDVI became higher first, then lower evidently and correlations between LAI and EVI became higher consistently. Furthermore, for severely-affected regions, the correlation became stronger. Our results provide a good reference for the future assessment of insect damage on ecosystem function using remote sensing observations.
Forest insect has been known as the "Fire without Smoke" due to their major damages to forest resources. Therefore it is of great significance for research on ecosystem safety. Current remote sensing based monitoring of forest insect outbreak mainly focuses on its distributions, reasons and consequent influences on productivity. Using insect outbreak data acquired at British Colombia in Canada over 2002-2012, we here provide an analysis of the impacts of insect intensity on relationship between leaf area index(LAI) and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index(EVI). We showed that for pixels converting from light to moderate and from moderate to severe, correlations between LAI and NDVI became higher first, then lower evidently and correlations between LAI and EVI became higher consistently. Furthermore, for severely-affected regions, the correlation became stronger. Our results provide a good reference for the future assessment of insect damage on ecosystem function using remote sensing observations.
引文
[1]Schlamadinger B,Marland G.The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle.Biomass and Bioenergy,1996,10(5-6):275-300.
[2]吴霜,延晓冬,张丽娟.中国森林生态系统能值与服务功能价值的关系.地理学报,2014,69(3):334-342.[Wu Shuang,Yan Xiaodong,Zhang Lijuan.The relationship between forest ecosystem emergy and forest ecosystem service value in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):334-342.]
[3]李双成,杨勤业.中国森林资源动态变化的社会经济学初步分析.地理研究,2000,19(1):1-7.[Li Shuangcheng,Yang Qinye.Socioeconomic factors determining China's deforestation rates.Geographical Research,2000,19(1):1-7.]
[4]陶波,葛全胜,李克让,等.陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展.地理研究,2001,20(5):564-575.[Tao Bo,Ge Quansheng,Li Kerang,et al.Progress in the studies on carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem.Geographical Research,2001,20(5):564-575.]
[5]Romme W H,Knight D H,Yavitt J B.Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains:Regulators of primary productivity.The American Naturalist,1986,127(4):484-494.
[6]Logan J A,Powell J A.Ghost forests,global warming,and the mountain pine beetle(Coleoptera:Scolytidae).American Entomologist,2001,47(3):160-73.
[7]Taylor S W,Carroll A L.Disturbance,forest age,and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in BC:A historical perspective.Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium:Challenges and Solutions,2003.
[8]Taylor S W,Carroll A L,Alfaro R I,et al.Forest,climate and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in Western Canada.Canadian Forest Service,2006:67-94.
[9]Moran C J,Cochrane M A.Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks change the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests?.Comment.Ecology,2012,81(4):941-945.
[10]Senf C,Seidl R,Hostert P.Remote sensing of forest insect disturbances:Current state and future directions.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation Itc Journal,2017,60:49.
[11]张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应.地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.[Zhang Geli,Xu Xingliang,Zhou Caiping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.]
[12]李克让,陈育峰.全球气候变化影响下中国森林的脆弱性分析.地理学报,1996,(s1):40-49.[Li Kerang,Chen Yufeng.Analysis of vulnerability of forest in China responsed to global climate change.Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,(s1):40-49.]
[13]赵铁良,耿海东,张旭东,等.气温变化对我国森林病虫害的影响.中国森林病虫,2003,22(3):29-32.[Zhao Tieliang,Geng Haidong,Zhang Xudong,et al.Influence of temperature change on forest pests in China.Forest Pest and Disease,2003,22(3):29-32.]
[14]Logan JA,Regniere J,Powell J A.Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2003,3(1):130-137.
[15]丁圣彦,梁国付.地理环境因素对伊洛河流域森林景观的影响.地理研究,2007,26(5):906-914.[Ding Shengyan,Liang Guofu.Analysis of geographic environmental factors on forest landscape dynamics of Yiluo River basin.Geographical Research,2007,26(5):906-914.]
[16]Rigot T,Halder I Van,Jactel H.Landscape diversity slows the spread of an invasive forest pest species.Ecography,2014,37(7):648-658.
[17]Safranyik L,Wilson B,Safranyik L,et al.The mountain pine beetle:A synthesis of biology,management and impacts on lodgepole pine.Natural Resources Canada,2007:304.
[18]Olsson P O,Heliasz M,Jin H,et al.Mapping the reduction in gross primary productivity in subarctic birch forests due to insect outbreaks.Biogeosciences,2017,14(6):1703-1719.
[19]Czurylowicz P.Leaf area index,carbon cycling dynamics and ecosystem resilience in mountain pine beetle affected areas of British Columbia from 1999 to 2008.School of Graduate Studies-Theses,2011.
[20]Brian B,Evan T P,Carol A W.Effect of the current major insect outbreaks on decadal phenological and LAI trends in southern Rocky Mountain forests.International Journal for Remote Sensing,2013,34(20):7249-7274.
[21]Rosner H.The bug that's eating the woods.National Geographic,2015-4-1.
[22]王亚琴,王正兴,刁慧娟.多源遥感数据在土地覆盖变化监测中的应用.地理研究,2014,33(6):1085-1096.[Wang Yaqin,Wang Zhengxing,Diao Huijuan.Application of multiple satellite data to land cover change detection.Geographical Research,2014,33(6):1085-1096.]
[23]Westfall J,Ebata T.2012 summary of forest health conditions in british columbia.Victoria:British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range,2012.
[24]Chen J M,Black T A.Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves.Plant Cell&Environment,2010,15(4):421-429.
[25]Wang Q,Adiku S,Tenhunen J,et al.On the relationship of NDVI with leaf area index in a deciduous forest site.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,94(2):244-255.
[26]Shen M G,Jin C,Zhu X L,et al.Yellow flowers can decrease NDVI and EVI values:Evidence from a field experiment in an alpine meadow.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,35(2):99-106.
[27]Yoshioka H,Miura T,Huete A R,et al.Analysis of vegetation isolines in red-NIR reflectance space.Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,74(2):313-326.
[28]Liu H Q,Huete A.A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,1995,33(2):457-465.
[29]Potithep S,Nagai S,Nasahara K N,et al.Two separate periods of the LAI-VIs relationships using in situ measure-ments in a deciduous broadleaf forest.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2013,169:148-155.
[30]Myneni R B,Knyazikhin Y.Early spatial and temporal validation of MODIS LAI product in the Southern Africa Kalahari.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,83(1):232-243.
[31]Myneni R B,Hoffman S,Knyazikhin Y,et al.Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,83(1):214-231.
[32]Knyazikhin Y,Martonchik J V,Myneni R B,et al.Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:32257-32276.
[33]Cheng Q,Huang J,Wang R,et al.Correlation analysis of simulated MODIS vegetation indices and rice leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll content.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1363-1367.
[34]高娜,石韧,颉耀文.落叶松早落病危害的光谱特征及与叶绿素浓度的关系研究.遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6):710-714.[Gao Na,Shi Ren,Xie Yaowen.Research on spectral characteristics of Mycosphaerella laricileptolepis lto et al and correlations of chlorophyll concentrations.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2007,22(6):710-714.]
[35]张宇佳,袁金国,张莎.2002-2011年河北省植被LAI时空变化特征.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2015,39(1):86-92.[Zhang Yujia,Yuan Jinguo,Zhang Sha.Spatial-temporal change of leaf area index(LAI)of vegetation in Hebei province from 2002 to 2011.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2015,39(1):86-92.]
[36]Cheng Q.Estimation models of rice LAI and chlorophyll content based on MOD09.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(8):1453-1458.
[37]李红军,郑力,雷玉平,等.基于EOS/MODIS数据的NDVI与EVI比较研究.地理科学进展,2007,26(1):26-32.[Li Hongjun,Zheng Li,Lei Yuping,et al.Comparison of NDVI and EVI based on EOS/MODIS data.Progress in Geography,2007,26(1):26-32.]
[38]Lüdeke M,Janecek A,Kohlmaier G H.Modelling the seasonal CO2,uptake by land vegetation using the global vegetation index.Tellus Series B-chemical&Physical Meteorology,1991,43(2):188-196.
[39]Huete A R.A soil-adjusted vegetation index(SAVI).Remote Sensing of Environment,1988,25(3):295-309.
[40]程乾,黄敬峰,王人湖.MODIS NOAA/AVHRR植被指数差异初步研究.科技通报,2005,21(2):205-209.[Cheng Qian,Huang Jingfeng,Wang Renhu.Preliminary analysis of difference between MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR vegetation indices.Bulletin of Scienceand Technology,2005,21(2):205-209.]
[41]高浩,张甲珅,郑伟,等.基于不同分辨率卫星数据的林火排放对比研究.地理研究,2017,36(5):850-860.[Gao Hao,Zhang Jiakun,Zhengwei,et al.Comparative study on the emission estimation from the forest fire based on different resolution satellite data.Geographical Research,2017,36(5):850-860.]
[42]张晓东,朱文博,崔耀平,等.伏牛山地区森林植被动态变化对水热条件的响应.地理研究,2016,35(6):1029-1040.[Zhang Xiaodong,Zhu Wenbo,Cui Yaoping,et al.The response of forest dynamics to hydro-thermal change in Funiu Mountain.Geographical Research,2016,35(6):1029-1040.]
[43]李兰晖,刘林山,张镱锂,等.青藏高原高寒草地物候沿海拔梯度变化的差异分析.地理研究,2017,36(1):26-36.[Li Lanhui,Liu Linshan,Zhang Yili,et al.Elevation-dependent alpine grassland phenology on the Tibetan Plateau.Geographical Research,2017,36(1):26-36.]
[2]吴霜,延晓冬,张丽娟.中国森林生态系统能值与服务功能价值的关系.地理学报,2014,69(3):334-342.[Wu Shuang,Yan Xiaodong,Zhang Lijuan.The relationship between forest ecosystem emergy and forest ecosystem service value in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):334-342.]
[3]李双成,杨勤业.中国森林资源动态变化的社会经济学初步分析.地理研究,2000,19(1):1-7.[Li Shuangcheng,Yang Qinye.Socioeconomic factors determining China's deforestation rates.Geographical Research,2000,19(1):1-7.]
[4]陶波,葛全胜,李克让,等.陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展.地理研究,2001,20(5):564-575.[Tao Bo,Ge Quansheng,Li Kerang,et al.Progress in the studies on carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem.Geographical Research,2001,20(5):564-575.]
[5]Romme W H,Knight D H,Yavitt J B.Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains:Regulators of primary productivity.The American Naturalist,1986,127(4):484-494.
[6]Logan J A,Powell J A.Ghost forests,global warming,and the mountain pine beetle(Coleoptera:Scolytidae).American Entomologist,2001,47(3):160-73.
[7]Taylor S W,Carroll A L.Disturbance,forest age,and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in BC:A historical perspective.Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium:Challenges and Solutions,2003.
[8]Taylor S W,Carroll A L,Alfaro R I,et al.Forest,climate and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in Western Canada.Canadian Forest Service,2006:67-94.
[9]Moran C J,Cochrane M A.Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks change the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests?.Comment.Ecology,2012,81(4):941-945.
[10]Senf C,Seidl R,Hostert P.Remote sensing of forest insect disturbances:Current state and future directions.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation Itc Journal,2017,60:49.
[11]张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应.地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.[Zhang Geli,Xu Xingliang,Zhou Caiping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.]
[12]李克让,陈育峰.全球气候变化影响下中国森林的脆弱性分析.地理学报,1996,(s1):40-49.[Li Kerang,Chen Yufeng.Analysis of vulnerability of forest in China responsed to global climate change.Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,(s1):40-49.]
[13]赵铁良,耿海东,张旭东,等.气温变化对我国森林病虫害的影响.中国森林病虫,2003,22(3):29-32.[Zhao Tieliang,Geng Haidong,Zhang Xudong,et al.Influence of temperature change on forest pests in China.Forest Pest and Disease,2003,22(3):29-32.]
[14]Logan JA,Regniere J,Powell J A.Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2003,3(1):130-137.
[15]丁圣彦,梁国付.地理环境因素对伊洛河流域森林景观的影响.地理研究,2007,26(5):906-914.[Ding Shengyan,Liang Guofu.Analysis of geographic environmental factors on forest landscape dynamics of Yiluo River basin.Geographical Research,2007,26(5):906-914.]
[16]Rigot T,Halder I Van,Jactel H.Landscape diversity slows the spread of an invasive forest pest species.Ecography,2014,37(7):648-658.
[17]Safranyik L,Wilson B,Safranyik L,et al.The mountain pine beetle:A synthesis of biology,management and impacts on lodgepole pine.Natural Resources Canada,2007:304.
[18]Olsson P O,Heliasz M,Jin H,et al.Mapping the reduction in gross primary productivity in subarctic birch forests due to insect outbreaks.Biogeosciences,2017,14(6):1703-1719.
[19]Czurylowicz P.Leaf area index,carbon cycling dynamics and ecosystem resilience in mountain pine beetle affected areas of British Columbia from 1999 to 2008.School of Graduate Studies-Theses,2011.
[20]Brian B,Evan T P,Carol A W.Effect of the current major insect outbreaks on decadal phenological and LAI trends in southern Rocky Mountain forests.International Journal for Remote Sensing,2013,34(20):7249-7274.
[21]Rosner H.The bug that's eating the woods.National Geographic,2015-4-1.
[22]王亚琴,王正兴,刁慧娟.多源遥感数据在土地覆盖变化监测中的应用.地理研究,2014,33(6):1085-1096.[Wang Yaqin,Wang Zhengxing,Diao Huijuan.Application of multiple satellite data to land cover change detection.Geographical Research,2014,33(6):1085-1096.]
[23]Westfall J,Ebata T.2012 summary of forest health conditions in british columbia.Victoria:British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range,2012.
[24]Chen J M,Black T A.Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves.Plant Cell&Environment,2010,15(4):421-429.
[25]Wang Q,Adiku S,Tenhunen J,et al.On the relationship of NDVI with leaf area index in a deciduous forest site.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,94(2):244-255.
[26]Shen M G,Jin C,Zhu X L,et al.Yellow flowers can decrease NDVI and EVI values:Evidence from a field experiment in an alpine meadow.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,35(2):99-106.
[27]Yoshioka H,Miura T,Huete A R,et al.Analysis of vegetation isolines in red-NIR reflectance space.Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,74(2):313-326.
[28]Liu H Q,Huete A.A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,1995,33(2):457-465.
[29]Potithep S,Nagai S,Nasahara K N,et al.Two separate periods of the LAI-VIs relationships using in situ measure-ments in a deciduous broadleaf forest.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2013,169:148-155.
[30]Myneni R B,Knyazikhin Y.Early spatial and temporal validation of MODIS LAI product in the Southern Africa Kalahari.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,83(1):232-243.
[31]Myneni R B,Hoffman S,Knyazikhin Y,et al.Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,83(1):214-231.
[32]Knyazikhin Y,Martonchik J V,Myneni R B,et al.Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:32257-32276.
[33]Cheng Q,Huang J,Wang R,et al.Correlation analysis of simulated MODIS vegetation indices and rice leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll content.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1363-1367.
[34]高娜,石韧,颉耀文.落叶松早落病危害的光谱特征及与叶绿素浓度的关系研究.遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6):710-714.[Gao Na,Shi Ren,Xie Yaowen.Research on spectral characteristics of Mycosphaerella laricileptolepis lto et al and correlations of chlorophyll concentrations.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2007,22(6):710-714.]
[35]张宇佳,袁金国,张莎.2002-2011年河北省植被LAI时空变化特征.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2015,39(1):86-92.[Zhang Yujia,Yuan Jinguo,Zhang Sha.Spatial-temporal change of leaf area index(LAI)of vegetation in Hebei province from 2002 to 2011.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2015,39(1):86-92.]
[36]Cheng Q.Estimation models of rice LAI and chlorophyll content based on MOD09.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(8):1453-1458.
[37]李红军,郑力,雷玉平,等.基于EOS/MODIS数据的NDVI与EVI比较研究.地理科学进展,2007,26(1):26-32.[Li Hongjun,Zheng Li,Lei Yuping,et al.Comparison of NDVI and EVI based on EOS/MODIS data.Progress in Geography,2007,26(1):26-32.]
[38]Lüdeke M,Janecek A,Kohlmaier G H.Modelling the seasonal CO2,uptake by land vegetation using the global vegetation index.Tellus Series B-chemical&Physical Meteorology,1991,43(2):188-196.
[39]Huete A R.A soil-adjusted vegetation index(SAVI).Remote Sensing of Environment,1988,25(3):295-309.
[40]程乾,黄敬峰,王人湖.MODIS NOAA/AVHRR植被指数差异初步研究.科技通报,2005,21(2):205-209.[Cheng Qian,Huang Jingfeng,Wang Renhu.Preliminary analysis of difference between MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR vegetation indices.Bulletin of Scienceand Technology,2005,21(2):205-209.]
[41]高浩,张甲珅,郑伟,等.基于不同分辨率卫星数据的林火排放对比研究.地理研究,2017,36(5):850-860.[Gao Hao,Zhang Jiakun,Zhengwei,et al.Comparative study on the emission estimation from the forest fire based on different resolution satellite data.Geographical Research,2017,36(5):850-860.]
[42]张晓东,朱文博,崔耀平,等.伏牛山地区森林植被动态变化对水热条件的响应.地理研究,2016,35(6):1029-1040.[Zhang Xiaodong,Zhu Wenbo,Cui Yaoping,et al.The response of forest dynamics to hydro-thermal change in Funiu Mountain.Geographical Research,2016,35(6):1029-1040.]
[43]李兰晖,刘林山,张镱锂,等.青藏高原高寒草地物候沿海拔梯度变化的差异分析.地理研究,2017,36(1):26-36.[Li Lanhui,Liu Linshan,Zhang Yili,et al.Elevation-dependent alpine grassland phenology on the Tibetan Plateau.Geographical Research,2017,36(1):26-36.]