格“变”:超越抑或过载?——从格语法到框架网络评Fillmore语义学思想
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摘要
Fillmore语义学思想历经三个发展阶段,主要体现为格语法和框架语义学两个理论。以框架语义学为基础的框架网络项目是Fillmore语义学思想的最新进展。前人研究从宏观视角以介绍与评述两种理论、梳理理论的发展与演变为主,鲜有关于Fillmore语义学思想发展的评价研究。本文首先概述Fillmore的语义学思想发展过程,然后从微观视角系统分析"深层格"到"框架元素"的演变过程。研究发现,"格"问题的处理是其思想发展的主线,由"格"到"框架元素"演变体现了Fillmore由规定到描写、由理性到经验、由理论到实践、由句法到词汇的思想变化。然而,这一变化未能彻底解决"格"问题,且有重蹈格语法"覆辙"的可能。
Fillmore's semantic theories have undergone three stages of development,and are featured by case grammar and frame semantics,from which the latest development of FrameNet originated.Previous studies of Fillmore's theories focus mainly on the linear development as well as the pros and cons of them from a macro perspective,and few researchers investigate Fillmore's developing thoughts of semantics from a microperspective.This paper firstly reviews the development of Fillmore's semantic theories,and then systematically examines the change or development of core construct of "case" and frame elements from a new micro perspective.The findings show that the "case" problem is the main line of his ideological development,and that the methodological changes from prescriptivism to descriptivism,rationalism to empiricism,theory to practice as well as syntax to lexicology underlie the change of "case".It is also concluded that it might not overcome the limitation of case grammar theory,and that instead it might become overloaded for the research of meaning.
Fillmore's semantic theories have undergone three stages of development,and are featured by case grammar and frame semantics,from which the latest development of FrameNet originated.Previous studies of Fillmore's theories focus mainly on the linear development as well as the pros and cons of them from a macro perspective,and few researchers investigate Fillmore's developing thoughts of semantics from a microperspective.This paper firstly reviews the development of Fillmore's semantic theories,and then systematically examines the change or development of core construct of "case" and frame elements from a new micro perspective.The findings show that the "case" problem is the main line of his ideological development,and that the methodological changes from prescriptivism to descriptivism,rationalism to empiricism,theory to practice as well as syntax to lexicology underlie the change of "case".It is also concluded that it might not overcome the limitation of case grammar theory,and that instead it might become overloaded for the research of meaning.
引文
[1]Anderson,R.1971.On the role of deep structure in semantic interpretation[J].Foundations of Language,(3):387-396.
[2]Andor,J.2010.Discussing frame semantics:The state of the art:an Interview with Charles J[J].Fillmore.Review of Cognitive Linguistics,(8):157-176.
[3]Chomsky,N.1965.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax[M].Cambridge:MIT Press.
[4]Fillmore,J.1968.The Case for case[A].In E.Bach&R.Harms(eds.).Universals in Linguistic Theory[C].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc.
[5]Fillmore,J.1971.Some problems for case grammar[J].Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics,(24):35-56.
[6]Fillmore,J.1976.Frame semantics and the nature of language[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,(1):20-32.
[7]Fillmore,J.1977.The Case for case reopened[A].In P.Cole&J.Sadock(eds.).Syntax and Semantics:Grammatical Relations[C].New York:Academic Press.
[8]Fillmore,J.,R.Johnson&R.Petruck.2003.Background to frameNet[J].International Journal of Lexicography,(3):235-250.
[9]Fillmore,J.1992.Corpus Linguistics or Computer-aided Armchair Linguistics[A].In J.Svarrvik(ed.).Directions in Corpus Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
[10]Harris,D.1985.Introduction to Natural Language Processing[M].Virginia:Reston Publishing Co.
[11]Lakoff,G.1972.Linguistics and natural logic[A].In D.Davidson&G.Harman(eds.).Semantics of Natural Languages[C].Netherlands:Springer.
[12]Huddleston,R.1970.Some remarks on case-grammar[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(4):501-511.
[13]Schank,C.&M.Colby.1973.Computer Models of Thought and Language[M].San Francisco:WH Freeman.
[14]陈忠平白解红.2012.格语法式微中的认知转向:重读“再论‘格'辩”[J].外语学刊,(5):81-84.
[15]程琪龙.1995.试论Fillmore格语法1971模式[J].解放军外语学院学报,(6):16-20.
[16]冯志伟.2006.从格语法到框架网络[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(3):1-9.
[17]黄昌宁张小凤.2002.自然语言处理技术的三个里程碑[J].外语教学与研究,(3):180—187,239.
[18]刘宇红.2011.从格语法到框架语义学再到构式语法[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(1):5—9+62,127.
[19]陆俭明.2006.句法语义接口问题[J].外国语(上海外国语大学学报),(2):30-35.
[20]潘艳艳.2003.框架语义学:理论及应用[J].外语研究,(5):14—18.
[21]陶明忠马玉蕾.2008.框架语义学——格语法的第三阶段[J].当代语言学,(1):35-42,93,94.
[22]汪然金延伟胡逸君.2013.从“格语法”到“框架语义学”的演变之梳理[J].语言学研究,(1):112-121.
[23]王玲玲.1994.格语法及其在汉语研究中的应用—“信息处理用语言理论讲话”第三讲[J].语言文字应用,(4):97-101.
[24]武仲波.2015.框架语义学和框架网络对格语法的继承与发展[J].外语研究,(6):22-27.
[25]杨成凯.1986.Fillmore的格语法理沦(上)[J].国外语言学,(1):37-41.
[26]袁毓林.2007.语义角色的精细等级及其在信息处理中的应用[J].中文信息学报,(4):10-20.
(1)陶明忠、马玉蕾提出的格语法问题有四个:语义格清单无法确定、语义格身份模糊、有些核心成分的句法关系不遵循突显等级顺序、对语义成分与句法关系的研究不完整。
(1)格语法认为,一个简单句由两部分构成,即S→M+P。S代表句子,M代表情态(时态、语态等),P代表命题(即格关系)。
(2)如果句子中有A,A为主语;如果没有A而有I,I为主语;如果无A无I.O为主语(Fillmore,1968:33)。
(1)本表修改自陶明忠、马玉蕾(2008),本文作者调整了部分相关术语及呈现方式。
(1)本表引白杨成凯(1986)。
[2]Andor,J.2010.Discussing frame semantics:The state of the art:an Interview with Charles J[J].Fillmore.Review of Cognitive Linguistics,(8):157-176.
[3]Chomsky,N.1965.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax[M].Cambridge:MIT Press.
[4]Fillmore,J.1968.The Case for case[A].In E.Bach&R.Harms(eds.).Universals in Linguistic Theory[C].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc.
[5]Fillmore,J.1971.Some problems for case grammar[J].Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics,(24):35-56.
[6]Fillmore,J.1976.Frame semantics and the nature of language[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,(1):20-32.
[7]Fillmore,J.1977.The Case for case reopened[A].In P.Cole&J.Sadock(eds.).Syntax and Semantics:Grammatical Relations[C].New York:Academic Press.
[8]Fillmore,J.,R.Johnson&R.Petruck.2003.Background to frameNet[J].International Journal of Lexicography,(3):235-250.
[9]Fillmore,J.1992.Corpus Linguistics or Computer-aided Armchair Linguistics[A].In J.Svarrvik(ed.).Directions in Corpus Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
[10]Harris,D.1985.Introduction to Natural Language Processing[M].Virginia:Reston Publishing Co.
[11]Lakoff,G.1972.Linguistics and natural logic[A].In D.Davidson&G.Harman(eds.).Semantics of Natural Languages[C].Netherlands:Springer.
[12]Huddleston,R.1970.Some remarks on case-grammar[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(4):501-511.
[13]Schank,C.&M.Colby.1973.Computer Models of Thought and Language[M].San Francisco:WH Freeman.
[14]陈忠平白解红.2012.格语法式微中的认知转向:重读“再论‘格'辩”[J].外语学刊,(5):81-84.
[15]程琪龙.1995.试论Fillmore格语法1971模式[J].解放军外语学院学报,(6):16-20.
[16]冯志伟.2006.从格语法到框架网络[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(3):1-9.
[17]黄昌宁张小凤.2002.自然语言处理技术的三个里程碑[J].外语教学与研究,(3):180—187,239.
[18]刘宇红.2011.从格语法到框架语义学再到构式语法[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(1):5—9+62,127.
[19]陆俭明.2006.句法语义接口问题[J].外国语(上海外国语大学学报),(2):30-35.
[20]潘艳艳.2003.框架语义学:理论及应用[J].外语研究,(5):14—18.
[21]陶明忠马玉蕾.2008.框架语义学——格语法的第三阶段[J].当代语言学,(1):35-42,93,94.
[22]汪然金延伟胡逸君.2013.从“格语法”到“框架语义学”的演变之梳理[J].语言学研究,(1):112-121.
[23]王玲玲.1994.格语法及其在汉语研究中的应用—“信息处理用语言理论讲话”第三讲[J].语言文字应用,(4):97-101.
[24]武仲波.2015.框架语义学和框架网络对格语法的继承与发展[J].外语研究,(6):22-27.
[25]杨成凯.1986.Fillmore的格语法理沦(上)[J].国外语言学,(1):37-41.
[26]袁毓林.2007.语义角色的精细等级及其在信息处理中的应用[J].中文信息学报,(4):10-20.
(1)陶明忠、马玉蕾提出的格语法问题有四个:语义格清单无法确定、语义格身份模糊、有些核心成分的句法关系不遵循突显等级顺序、对语义成分与句法关系的研究不完整。
(1)格语法认为,一个简单句由两部分构成,即S→M+P。S代表句子,M代表情态(时态、语态等),P代表命题(即格关系)。
(2)如果句子中有A,A为主语;如果没有A而有I,I为主语;如果无A无I.O为主语(Fillmore,1968:33)。
(1)本表修改自陶明忠、马玉蕾(2008),本文作者调整了部分相关术语及呈现方式。
(1)本表引白杨成凯(1986)。