单、双光束技术确定纳米金膜倍频系数的比较
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摘要
对比分析了单、双光束偏振倍频技术在确定各向同性纳米金膜二阶非线性效应方面的优劣势。研究结果表明基于射频磁溅射方法制备的100 nm金膜样品具有面内各向同性特征。在单光束手性实验装置中,当采用p线偏振起始光并探测(p±s)偏振倍频光时,纳米金膜的实验拟合展开系数不唯一,改以s或(p+s)偏振为起始光时,相应实验展开系数唯一;而对于双光束技术相关展开系数的唯一性则不受起始光偏振条件的限制。单光束技术仅能测定纳米金表面结构对称性破缺产生的有效表面电偶极贡献,双光束技术则能实现其内部多极贡献(磁偶极和电四极效应)的完全分离;由两实验装置确定的非零独立二阶非线性极化率张量元在数值和位相上接近,当仅考虑纳米金的表面电偶极效应时,双光束技术测得的张量元可实现其质量自检验。在表征纳米金膜的非线性效应方面,双光束技术更具优势,且这一结论适用于具有高对称结构的薄膜/块体材料。
The advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-beam polarization second-harmonic generation(SHG) techniques are reported for the determination of the second-order nonlinear effect of isotropic nanogold film. The results indicate that 100 nm gold film fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates is isotropic in the plane of the substrate. Expansion coefficients for nanogold film in one-beam chiral experimental setup are not unique for the measurement of p-polarized initial beam and p±s-polarized secondharmonic beam, and they are unique for s- or(p+s)-polarized initial beam; but the uniqueness of expansion coefficients in two-beam geometry is without the limitation of the initial beam polarizations. The obtained results also show that one-beam technique only determines these contributions related to the effective electric-dipolar effect arising from the broken symmetry at the surface of an isotropic gold film, but bulk multipolar(magnetic dipole and electric quadruple effects) contributions of nanogold can be completely separated from its surface second-order nonlinear optical response in the two-beam setup, and all the non-vanishing tensor components obtained in both experimental geometries are very close in value and phase, and when only considering the surface electric-dipole effect of nanogold, the quality of its tensor components can also be checked by two-beam technique. So two-beam technique has more advantages than one-beam technique in the characterization of the nonlinearity of nanogold,and this conclusion can be applied to thin films /bulk materials with high structural symmetry.
The advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-beam polarization second-harmonic generation(SHG) techniques are reported for the determination of the second-order nonlinear effect of isotropic nanogold film. The results indicate that 100 nm gold film fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates is isotropic in the plane of the substrate. Expansion coefficients for nanogold film in one-beam chiral experimental setup are not unique for the measurement of p-polarized initial beam and p±s-polarized secondharmonic beam, and they are unique for s- or(p+s)-polarized initial beam; but the uniqueness of expansion coefficients in two-beam geometry is without the limitation of the initial beam polarizations. The obtained results also show that one-beam technique only determines these contributions related to the effective electric-dipolar effect arising from the broken symmetry at the surface of an isotropic gold film, but bulk multipolar(magnetic dipole and electric quadruple effects) contributions of nanogold can be completely separated from its surface second-order nonlinear optical response in the two-beam setup, and all the non-vanishing tensor components obtained in both experimental geometries are very close in value and phase, and when only considering the surface electric-dipole effect of nanogold, the quality of its tensor components can also be checked by two-beam technique. So two-beam technique has more advantages than one-beam technique in the characterization of the nonlinearity of nanogold,and this conclusion can be applied to thin films /bulk materials with high structural symmetry.
引文
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24 F X Wang,F J Rodríguez,W M Albers,et al..Surface and bulk contributions to the second-order nonlinear optical response of a gold film[J].Phys Rev B,2009,80(23):233402.
25 N Bloembergen,R K Chang,S S Jha,et al..Optical Second-harmonic generation in reflection from media with inversion symmetry[J].Phys Rev,1968,174(3):813-822.
26 F J Rodríguez,F X Wang,B K Canfield,et al..Multipolar tensor analysis of second-order nonlinear optical response of surface and bulk of glass[J].Opt Express,2007,15(14):8695-8701.
27 Wang Fuixang,Han Wenwei,Yang Xuwen,et al..Study on uniqueness of experimental expansion coefficients for D-π-A structured organic optical materials[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2015,45(3):0319003.王芙香,韩文伟,杨旭雯,等.D-π-A型有机光学材料的实验展开系数唯一性研究[J].光学学报,2015,45(3):0319003.
2 Rao Cuiping,Wang Jing,Yang Yang,et al..Synthesis of folate receptor-targeted nanoprobe for detection of cancer cells and its spectral analysis[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,33(5):1299-1303.姚翠萍,王晶,杨洋,等.叶酸受体靶向肿瘤细胞纳米探针的制备及其光谱分析[J].光谱与光谱分析,2014,33(5):1299-1303.
3 Ma Lu,Wen Guiqing,Liu Qingye,et al..Resonance rayleigh scattering determination of trace tobramycin using aptamer-modified nanogold as probe[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(9):2481-2484.马璐,温桂清,刘庆业,等.用适配体修饰纳米金做共振瑞利散射光谱探针检测妥布霉素[J].光谱与光谱分析,2014,34(9):2481-2484.
4 W Husinsky,A Ajami,P Nekvindova,et al..Z-scan study of nonlinear absorption of gold nano-particles prepared by ion implantation in various types of silicate glasses[J].Opt Commun,2012,285(10-11):2729-2733.
5 Qin Jin,Zheng Chan,Qiu Ning.Research on the preparation and optical limiting effect of Au nanopartiicles[J].Journal of Synthetical Crystals,2014,43(11):2865-2869.秦静,郑蝉,邱宁.Au纳米颗粒的制备及光限幅效应研究[J].人工晶体学报,2014,43(11):2865-2869.
6 X Yu,Y Wang.Measurement of nonlinear optical refraction of composite material based on sapphire with silver by Kerr-lens autocorrelation method[J].Opt Express,2014,22(1):177-182.
7 Y H Wang,Y M Wang,J D Lu,et al..Nonlinear optical properties of Cu nanoclusters by ion implantation in silicate glass[J].Opt Commun,2010,283(3):486-489.
8 Y H Wang,J D Lu,R W Wang,et al..Optical nonlinearities of Au nanocluster composite fabricated by 300 ke V ion implantation[J].Physica B,2008,403(19-20):3399-3402.
9 R W Boyd.Nonlinear Optics[M].San Diego:Academic Press,2003:41-42.
10 J E Sipe,V C Y So,M Fukui,et al..Analysis of second-harmonic generation at metal surfaces[J].Phys Rev B,1980,21(10):4389-4402.
11 A Chizmeshya,E Zaremba.Second-harmonic generation at metal surfaces using an extended Tomas-Fermi-von Weizsackertheory[J].Phys Rev B,1988,37(6):2805-2911.
12 A Liebsch,W L Schaich.Second-harmonic generation at simple metal surfaces[J].Phys Rev B,1989,40(8):5401-5410.
13 H Tuovinen,M Kauranen,K Jefimovs,et al..Linear and second-order nonlinear optical properties of arrays of noncentrosymmetric gold nanoparticles[J].J Nonlinear Opt Phys Mater,2002,11(4):421-432.
14 B K Canfield,S Kujala,K Laiho,et al..Chirality arising from small defects in gold nanoparticle arrays[J].Opt Express,2006,14(2):950-955.
15 S Kujala,B K Canfield,M Kauranen,et al..Multipole Interference in the second-harmonic optical radiation from gold nanoparticles[J].Phys Rev Lett,2007,98(16):167403.
16 S Kujala,B K Canfield,M Kauranen,et al..Multipolar analysis of second-harmonic radiation from gold nanoparticles[J].Opt Express,2008,16(22):17196-17208.
17 B K Canfield,H Husu,J Laukkanen,et al..Local field asymmetry drives second-harmonic generation in noncentrosymmetricnanodimers[J].Nano Lett,2007,7(5):1251-1255.
18 H Husu,B K Canfield,J Laukkanen,et al..Chiral coupling in gold nanodimers[J].Appl Phys Lett,2008,93(18):183115.
19 M W Klein,C Enkrich,M Wegener,et al..Second harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials[J].Science,2006,313(5786):502-504.
20 M W Klein,M Wegene,N Feth,et al..Experiments on second-and third-harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials[J].Opt Express,2007,15(8):5238-5247.
21 N Feth,S Linden,M W Klein,et al..Second-harmonic generation from complementary split-ring resonators[J].Opt Lett,2008,33(17):1975-1977.
22 Y Zeng,W Hoyer,J Liu,et al..Classical theory of second-harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials[J].Phys Rev B,2009,79(23):235109.
23 M C Larciprete,A Belardini,M G Cappeddu,et al..Second-harmonic generation from metallodielectric multilayer photonic-band-gap structures[J].Phys Rev A,2008,77(1):013809.
24 F X Wang,F J Rodríguez,W M Albers,et al..Surface and bulk contributions to the second-order nonlinear optical response of a gold film[J].Phys Rev B,2009,80(23):233402.
25 N Bloembergen,R K Chang,S S Jha,et al..Optical Second-harmonic generation in reflection from media with inversion symmetry[J].Phys Rev,1968,174(3):813-822.
26 F J Rodríguez,F X Wang,B K Canfield,et al..Multipolar tensor analysis of second-order nonlinear optical response of surface and bulk of glass[J].Opt Express,2007,15(14):8695-8701.
27 Wang Fuixang,Han Wenwei,Yang Xuwen,et al..Study on uniqueness of experimental expansion coefficients for D-π-A structured organic optical materials[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2015,45(3):0319003.王芙香,韩文伟,杨旭雯,等.D-π-A型有机光学材料的实验展开系数唯一性研究[J].光学学报,2015,45(3):0319003.