植物的铜稳态研究综述
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摘要
微量元素在植物生长发育过程中是必不可少的,因此研究植物内各种微量元素的稳态具有重要意义。铜在光合作用、呼吸作用、乙烯感应、活性氧清除和细胞壁重塑中发挥重要作用。铜的运输是由一组进化上高度保守的转运蛋白和金属伴侣共同完成的。由于根中转运蛋白的调控和高铜含量土壤非常稀缺,使得植物组织中的铜含量一般不会过高。然而,铜的利用率低会降低植物的生产能力。由于某些功能保守的基因的控制,植物会响应铜缺乏的外界环境。植物主要通过Ctr/COPT铜转运家族转运蛋白家族从细胞外吸收铜,之后由铜伴侣蛋白及P型ATP酶将铜运输到各细胞器中。铜在木质部的运输及铜从衰老叶片到嫩叶与生殖组织中进行的再分配都须要烟酰胺发挥作用。此外,铜的再分配过程须要黄色条纹状(yellow stripe-like,简称YSL)转运体及铜伴侣蛋白CCH的参与,其中CCH蛋白存在于植物的韧皮部。当铜供给不足时,植物中增加铜吸收的系统会被激活,并且使铜能更有效地被利用。一些参与铜调控的小分子RNA会下调某些不重要的铜蛋白的表达量。低铜条件下,主要的铜应答转录因子SPL7既可以激活参与铜吸收的基因的表达,又可以上调某些Cu-microRNAs的表达量。这种调节允许光合自养生物生长所需的最重要的含铜蛋白质(如质体蓝素)在一定的铜浓度范围内保持活性,这更有利于植物的生长。植物中铜过量会造成活性氧的快速积累,活性氧会破坏核酸、氧化蛋白并导致脂质过氧化,从而影响细胞的诸多功能,对细胞产生毒害。细胞内铜过量时会上调金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,简称MT)的表达以减少细胞质中游离铜离子的含量。主要阐述植物中铜稳态的作用及其研究进展,以及植物对铜的吸收与再分配过程,同时对铜在细胞内的传递及细胞内铜稳态的调控进行简单概述。并对大部分重要的含铜蛋白的研究进行简要描述。由于高等植物中铜蛋白的研究报道还较少,因此对植物中铜稳态的研究概述可以加强研究者对含铜蛋白质生物学功能的了解,同时也可以为进一步阐明植物吸收利用铜的分子机制提供依据。
引文
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[26]Shin L J,Lo J C,Yeh K C.Copper chaperone antioxidant protein1 is essential for copper homeostasis[J].Plant Physiology,2012,159(3):1099-1110.
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