暴露在加勒比海水中的2219-T42和6061-T6铝合金表面初始局部腐蚀行为的比较（英文）
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摘要
将6061-T6和2219-T42铝合金样品暴露在加勒比海水中90 d。将开路电位的波动作为电化学噪声(EN),用来表征和比较合金表面的初始点蚀行为。采用功率谱密度(PSD)与频率的关系图进行电化学噪声分析。PSD图中指数β的减小表明,随着海水中铝合金点蚀的进行,出现自发的能量释放。开路电位的波动与新腐蚀层的破裂和形成有关。PSD图中指数β的变化趋势表明,AA2219-T42铝合金的腐蚀过程是一个持续的非稳态过程,其动力学行为受分形布朗运动(fBm)控制;AA6061-T6铝合金的腐蚀过程则主要表现出稳态和弱持久性的特性,这是由于分形高斯噪声(fGn)的贡献。将合金暴露于海水中后进行扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDX)分析,发现合金上存在富含Cu或Fe、不规则分布的不溶性金属间化合物颗粒。AA2219-T42合金中Mg和Al的优先溶解发生在S相(Al_2CuMg)。
Aluminum alloy samples, 6061-T6 and 2219-T42, were exposed to Caribbean seawater for 90 d. The fluctuations of open circuit potential, considered as electrochemical noise(EN), were used to characterize and compare initial pitting events, which appeared on their surfaces. EN analysis was carried out using the power spectral density(PSD) vs frequency. The decrease of the b exponent in PSD graphs indicated a release of spontaneous energy with the progress of pit formation in seawater. The fluctuations were associated with the breakdown and formation of new corrosion layers. The values of β exponent in PSD graphs suggest that corrosion process of AA2219-T42 alloy occurs as a persistent non-stationary process, the dynamics of which is controlled by fractional Brownian motion(fBm), while on AA6061-T6 alloy the corrosion process was dominated by stationary and weakly persistent features, with the contribution of fractional Gaussian noise(fGn). After the exposure in seawater, SEM-EDX analysis revealed insoluble intermetallic particles on the alloys, rich in Cu or Fe and irregularly distributed. The preferential dissolution of Mg and Al occurs from the S-phase(Al_2CuMg) of AA2219-T42 alloy.
Aluminum alloy samples, 6061-T6 and 2219-T42, were exposed to Caribbean seawater for 90 d. The fluctuations of open circuit potential, considered as electrochemical noise(EN), were used to characterize and compare initial pitting events, which appeared on their surfaces. EN analysis was carried out using the power spectral density(PSD) vs frequency. The decrease of the b exponent in PSD graphs indicated a release of spontaneous energy with the progress of pit formation in seawater. The fluctuations were associated with the breakdown and formation of new corrosion layers. The values of β exponent in PSD graphs suggest that corrosion process of AA2219-T42 alloy occurs as a persistent non-stationary process, the dynamics of which is controlled by fractional Brownian motion(fBm), while on AA6061-T6 alloy the corrosion process was dominated by stationary and weakly persistent features, with the contribution of fractional Gaussian noise(fGn). After the exposure in seawater, SEM-EDX analysis revealed insoluble intermetallic particles on the alloys, rich in Cu or Fe and irregularly distributed. The preferential dissolution of Mg and Al occurs from the S-phase(Al_2CuMg) of AA2219-T42 alloy.
引文
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[33]DELIGNIERES D,RAMDANI S,LEMOINE L,TORRE K,FORTES M,NINOT G.Fractal analyses for‘short’time series:Are-assessment of classical methods[J].Journal of Mathematical Psychology,2006,50:525-544.
[34]LóPEZ J L,VELEVA L,LóPEZ-SAURI D A.Multifractal detrended analysis of the corrosion potential fluctuations during copper patina formation on its first stages in sea water[J].International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2014,9:1637-1649.
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[36]ASTM G1-90.Standard practice for preparing,cleaning,and evaluation corrosion test specimens[S].
[37]BIRBILIS N,BUCHHEIT R G.Investigation and discussion of characteristics for intermetallic phases common to aluminum alloys as a function of solution pH[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2008,155:C117-C126.
[38]OSORIO W R,MOUTINHO D J,PEIXOTO L C,FERREIRA I L,GARCIA A.Macrosegregation and microstructure dendritic array affecting the electrochemical behaviour of ternary Al-Cu-Si alloys[J].Electrochimica Acta,2011,56:8412-8421.
[39]LUO C,ZHOU X R,THOMPSON G E.Localized dissolution initiated at single and clustered intermetallic particles during immersion of Al-Cu-Mg alloy in sodium chloride solution[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26:2800-2809.
[40]GHOSH R,VENUGOPAL A,RAMESH NARAYANAN P,SHARMA S C,VENKITAKRISHNAN P V.Environmentally assisted cracking resistance of Al-Cu-Li alloy AA2195 using slow strain rate test in 3.5%NaCl solution[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27:241-249.
[41]LACROIX L,BLANC C,PéBèRE N,THOMPSON G E,TRIBOLLET B,VIVIER V.Simulating the galvanic coupling between S-Al2Cu Mg phase particles and the matrix of 2024aerospace aluminium alloy[J].Corrosion Science,2012,64:213-221.
[42]ASTM G199-09.Standard guide for electrochemical noise measurement[S].
[2]LAQUE F L.Marine corrosion:Causes and prevention[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1975.
[3]DAVIS J R.ASM metals handbook[M].Cleveland:ASMInternational,1961.
[4]EZUBER H,EL-HOUD A,EL-SHAWESH F.A study on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in seawater[J].Materials and Design,2008,29:801-805.
[5]SZKLARSKA-SMIALOWSKA Z.Pitting and crevice corrosion[M].Houston:NACE International,2005.
[6]GUSEVA O,DEROSE J A,SCHMUTZ P.Modelling the early stage time dependence of localised corrosion in aluminium alloys[J].Electrochimica Acta,2013,88:821-831.
[7]BURSTEIN G T,LIU C,SOUTO R M,VINES S P.Origins of pitting corrosion[J].Corrosion Engineering,Science and Technology,2004,39:25-30.
[8]SON I J,NAKANO H,OUE S,KOBAYASHI S,FUKUSHIMA H,HORITA Z.Effect of equal-channel angular pressing on pitting corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum-copper alloy[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2009,19:904-908.
[9]BAYOUMI M R.The mechanics and mechanisms of fracture in stress corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,1996,54:879-889.
[10]KIM S J,LEE S J,JEONG J Y,KIM K H.Electrochemical characteristics of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloy in sea water[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2012,22(S):s881-s886.
[11]GRILLI R,BAKER M A,CASTLE J E,DUNN B,WATTS J F.Localized corrosion of a 2219 aluminium alloy exposed to a 3.5%Na Cl solution[J].Corrosion Science,2010,52:2855-2866.
[12]BLANC C,LAVELLE B,MANKOWSKI G.The role of precipitates enriched with copper on the susceptibility to pitting corrosion of the2024 aluminium alloy[J].Corrosion Science,1997,39:495-510.
[13]REBOUL M C,BAROUX B.Metallurgical aspects of corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys[J].Materials and Corrosion,2011,62:215-233.
[14]LI Jin-feng,ZHENG Zi-qiao,NA Jiang,TAN Cheng-yu.Localized corrosion mechanism of 2XXX series Al alloy containing S(Al2CuMg)and?′(Al2Cu)precipitates in 4.0%NaCl solution at pH6.1[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005,91:325-329.
[15]YASAKAU K A,ZHELUDKEVICH M L,FERREIRA M G S.Role of intermetallics in corrosion of aluminum alloys[C]//MITRA R.Smart Corrosion Protection.Aveiro,Portugal:Woodhead Publishing,2018:425-462.
[16]SRINIVASA RAO K,PRASAD RAO K.Corrosion resistance of AA2219 aluminium alloy:Electrochemical polarisation and impedance study[J].Materials Science and Technology,2006,22:97-104.
[17]GUILLAUMIN V,MANKOWSKI G.Localized corrosion of 2024T351 aluminium alloy in chloride media[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41:421-438.
[18]ALODAN M A,SMYRL W H.Detection of localized corrosion of aluminum alloys using fluorescence microscopy[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1998,145:1571-1577.
[19]LEBLANC P,FRANKEL G S.A study of corrosion and pitting initiation of AA2024-T3 using atomic force microscopy[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2002,149:B239-B247.
[20]DAWSON J L.Electrochemical noise measurement:The definitive in-situ technique for corrosion applications[C]//KEARNS J,SCULLY J,ROBERGE P,REICHERT D,DAWSON J L.Electrochemical Noise Measurement for Corrosion Applications.West Conshohocken,PA:ASTM STP 1277,1996:3-35.
[21]XIA D H,SONG S Z,BEHNAMIAN Y.Detection of corrosion degradation using electrochemical noise(EN):Review of signal processing methods for identifying corrosion forms[J].Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology,2016,51:527-544.
[22]IVERSON W P.Transient voltage changes produced in corroding metals and alloys[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1968,115:617-618.
[23]LOTO C A.Electrochemical noise measurement technique in corrosion research[J].International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2012,7:9248-9270.
[24]WANG Xue-hui,WANG Ji-hui,FU Cong-wei.Characterization of pitting corrosion of 7A60 aluminum alloy by EN and EIS techniques[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24:3907-3916.
[25]ZHANG Li-jun,ZHU Xu-bei,ZHANG Zhao,ZHANG Jian-qing.Electrochemical noise characteristics in corrosion process of AZ91Dmagnesium alloy in neutral chloride solution[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2009,19:496-503.
[26]ROBERGE P R.Quantifying the stochastic behavior of electrochemical noise Measurement during the corrosion of aluminum[C]//KEARNS J R,SCULLY J R,ROBERGE P R,REICHERT D L,DAWSON J L.Electrochemical Noise Measurement for Corrosion Applications.West Conshohocken,PA:ASTM STP 1277,1996:142-156.
[27]ROBERGE P R,LENARD D R.Characterization of corroding aluminium alloys with electrochemical noise and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J].Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,1998,28:405-410.
[28]BURG J P.Maximum entropy spectral analysis[M].California:Stanford University,1975.
[29]BERTOCCI U,GABRIELLI C,HUET F,KEDDAM M,ROUSSEAU P.Noise resistance applied to corrosion measurements.II:Experimental tests[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1997,144:37-43.
[30]MANDELBROT B B,van NESS J W.Fractional Brownian motions,fractional noises and applications[J].SIAM Review,1968,10:422-437.
[31]EKE A,HERMáN P,BASSINGTHWAIGHTE J B,RAYMOND GM,PERCIVAL D B,CANNON M,BALLA I,IKRéNYI C.Physiological time series:Distinguishing fractal noises from motions[J].European Journal of Physiology,2000,439:403-415.
[32]PLANIN?I?P,PETEK A.Characterization of corrosion processes by current noise wavelet-based fractal and correlation analysis[J].Electrochimica Acta,2008,53:5206-5214.
[33]DELIGNIERES D,RAMDANI S,LEMOINE L,TORRE K,FORTES M,NINOT G.Fractal analyses for‘short’time series:Are-assessment of classical methods[J].Journal of Mathematical Psychology,2006,50:525-544.
[34]LóPEZ J L,VELEVA L,LóPEZ-SAURI D A.Multifractal detrended analysis of the corrosion potential fluctuations during copper patina formation on its first stages in sea water[J].International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2014,9:1637-1649.
[35]ACOSTA G,VELEVA L,LóPEZ J L.Power spectral density analysis of the corrosion potential fluctuation of aluminium in early stages of exposure to Caribbean sea water[J].International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2014,9:6464-6474.
[36]ASTM G1-90.Standard practice for preparing,cleaning,and evaluation corrosion test specimens[S].
[37]BIRBILIS N,BUCHHEIT R G.Investigation and discussion of characteristics for intermetallic phases common to aluminum alloys as a function of solution pH[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2008,155:C117-C126.
[38]OSORIO W R,MOUTINHO D J,PEIXOTO L C,FERREIRA I L,GARCIA A.Macrosegregation and microstructure dendritic array affecting the electrochemical behaviour of ternary Al-Cu-Si alloys[J].Electrochimica Acta,2011,56:8412-8421.
[39]LUO C,ZHOU X R,THOMPSON G E.Localized dissolution initiated at single and clustered intermetallic particles during immersion of Al-Cu-Mg alloy in sodium chloride solution[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26:2800-2809.
[40]GHOSH R,VENUGOPAL A,RAMESH NARAYANAN P,SHARMA S C,VENKITAKRISHNAN P V.Environmentally assisted cracking resistance of Al-Cu-Li alloy AA2195 using slow strain rate test in 3.5%NaCl solution[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27:241-249.
[41]LACROIX L,BLANC C,PéBèRE N,THOMPSON G E,TRIBOLLET B,VIVIER V.Simulating the galvanic coupling between S-Al2Cu Mg phase particles and the matrix of 2024aerospace aluminium alloy[J].Corrosion Science,2012,64:213-221.
[42]ASTM G199-09.Standard guide for electrochemical noise measurement[S].