休牧对锡林郭勒典型草原土壤养分和植物群落特征的影响
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摘要
以内蒙古锡林格勒典型草原羊草群落为研究对象,以长期放牧样地为参照(CK),开展了短期休牧对典型群落土壤养分和植物群落特征的影响研究。结果表明:休牧后典型草原物种特征发生明显的变化,与对照相比,休牧后群落高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、地下生物量和枯落物量均有所增加,并且随月份(8月、9月、10月)的变化呈递减趋势,休牧和对照样地地下生物量均随土层深度的增加而降低。不同物种多度均随着月份的增加而降低,相同月份植物物种数目均表现为休牧>对照,与对照相比,禾本科草的种群密度增加。休牧后典型草原丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数均有所增加。土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反,不同月份土壤容重表现为休牧<对照,土壤总孔隙度则表现为休牧<对照。休牧条件下,土壤养分(有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效磷、速效氮、速效钾)基本呈一致的变化规律,对照样地和休牧样地土壤养分均随着月份的增加呈递增趋势,不同月份之间土壤养分含量均表现为休牧>对照,其中全磷在休牧和对照之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)的结果显示,沿着RDA的第1排序轴,随着显著性影响因子(土壤养分各指标)的增加,丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数逐渐增加,并且丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与土壤容重呈负相关,排序轴可反映土壤因子的梯度变化特征,表明利用土壤养分作为表征土壤—植被关系的敏感性土壤指示因子是可行的。综合分析表明:休牧有利于锡林郭勒典型草原植被的恢复,本研究为锡林郭勒典型草原的合理管理利用及其可持续利用提供科学依据。
Characteristics of plant community and soil nutrients of typical grassland in Xilinguole after stop grazing were studied.The results were as follows.Community height,density,above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and litter biomass significantly increased after stop grazing,and these parameters decreased from August through October.The below-ground biomass gradually reduced with the increase of soil depth.Species richness decreased from August through October,and the number of plant species under stop grazing was greater that of CK in the same month.Further,plant species richness,evenness,diversity,and dominance increased due to stop grazing.Soil bulk density increased and soil total porosity decreased due to stop grazing.Similarly,soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total potassium,available phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium also decreased due to stop grazing,while there was no significant difference for soil total phosphorus(p>0.05).Redundancy analysis indicated that the change order of plant and soil was the same in grazing intensity,and plant diversity increased with the increase of soil nutrients,whilesoil nutrients showed the negative correlation to soil bulk density,and the sorting shaft could reflect the characteristics of the gradient soil factors,which showed that using soil nutrients as the sensitivity of soil indicating factors of soil-vegetation relationship was feasible.In summary,stop grazing is beneficial for recovery of the vegetation on the typical grassland in Xilinguole.
Characteristics of plant community and soil nutrients of typical grassland in Xilinguole after stop grazing were studied.The results were as follows.Community height,density,above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and litter biomass significantly increased after stop grazing,and these parameters decreased from August through October.The below-ground biomass gradually reduced with the increase of soil depth.Species richness decreased from August through October,and the number of plant species under stop grazing was greater that of CK in the same month.Further,plant species richness,evenness,diversity,and dominance increased due to stop grazing.Soil bulk density increased and soil total porosity decreased due to stop grazing.Similarly,soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total potassium,available phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium also decreased due to stop grazing,while there was no significant difference for soil total phosphorus(p>0.05).Redundancy analysis indicated that the change order of plant and soil was the same in grazing intensity,and plant diversity increased with the increase of soil nutrients,whilesoil nutrients showed the negative correlation to soil bulk density,and the sorting shaft could reflect the characteristics of the gradient soil factors,which showed that using soil nutrients as the sensitivity of soil indicating factors of soil-vegetation relationship was feasible.In summary,stop grazing is beneficial for recovery of the vegetation on the typical grassland in Xilinguole.
引文
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[20]刘晓妮,李刚,赵祥,等.放牧对赖草群落生物量及植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(5):942-948.
[21]刘玉,刘振恒,邓蕾,等.季节性放牧对草地植物多样性与功能群特征的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(7):1403-1409.
[22]韩路,潘伯荣,王绍明,等.适度放牧对林间草原植物形态特征及生物多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(9):1405-1412.
[23]崔树娟,布仁,巴音,等.不同季节适度放牧对高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响[J].西北植物学报,2014,34(2):349-357.
[24]刘振国,李镇清.退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性[J].生态学报,2015(2):170-177.
[25]臧晓琳,张洪芹,王鑫朝,等.放牧对冷蒿根际土壤微生物数量和群落功能多样性的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(1):86-95.
[2]Sun B,Wang H.Moisture sources of semiarid grassland in China using the Lagrangian particle model FLEXPART[J].Journal of Climate,2014,27(6):2457-2474.
[3]Shen X,Liu B,Li G,et al.Impacts of grassland types and vegetation cover changes on surface air temperature in the regions of temperate grassland of China[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2016,126(1/2):141-150.
[4]Jin Y X,Xu B,Yang X C,et al.Grassland aboveground biomass retrieval from remote sensing data by using artificial neural network in temperate grassland,northern China[C]∥Agro-Geoinformatics(Agro-Geoinformatics 2014),Third International Conference on.Ieee,2014.
[5]Luo Y,Zhao X,Li Y,et al.Effects of foliage litter of a pioneer shrub(Artemisia halodendron)on germination from the soil seedbank in a semi-arid sandy grassland in China[J].Journal of Plant Research,2017,130(6):1013-1021.
[6]Zhang J,Zuo X,Zhou X,et al.Long-term grazing effects on vegetation characteristics and soil properties in a semiarid grassland,northern China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2017,189(5):1-13.
[7]Ma Q,Zhang J,Sun C,et al.Drought characteristics and prediction during pasture growing season in Xilingol grassland,northern China[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2017,6(1):1-14.
[8]Jixiang L I N,Zhuolin L I,Yingnan W,et al.Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stress conditions on seed germination and early seedling growth of Leymus chinensis from Songnen Grassland of China[J].Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca,2014,42(1):154-159.
[9]Xiangyang H.The development theory and key supporting science and technologies o grasslands and animal husbandry in China[J].Pratacultural Science,2015,32(5):823-827.
[10]Guo Z,Fang W,Tan J,et al.A time-dependent stochastic grassland fire ignition probability model for Hulun Buir Grassland of China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2013,23(4):445-459.
[11]Xu Z,Shimizu H,Ito S,et al.Effects of elevated CO2,warming and precipitation change on plant growth,photosynthesis and peroxidation in dominant species from North China grassland[J].Planta,2014,239(2):421-435.
[12]Tang J,Lin H L.Analysis of characteristics of the circular economy of grassland farming[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):167-175.
[13]胡俊奇,陈先江,侯扶江.高寒草原群落特征对甘肃马鹿冬季放牧的响应[J].草业科学,2016,33(6):1028-1034.
[14]黄晓霞,张勇,和克俭,等.高寒草甸对旅游踩踏的抗干扰响应能力[J].草业学报,2014,23(2):333-339.
[15]黄琛,张宇,赵萌莉,等.放牧强度对荒漠草原植被特征的影响[J].草业科学,2013,30(11):1814-1818.
[16]杨婧,褚鹏飞,陈迪马,等.放牧对内蒙古典型草原α,β和γ多样性的影响机制[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(2):188-200.
[17]武崎,吴鹏飞,王群,等.放牧强度对高寒草地不同类群土壤动物的群落结构和多样性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(9):1826-1834.
[18]卢翔,南志标.放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(9):1423-1431.
[19]刘文亭,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原植物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(10):3394-3402.
[20]刘晓妮,李刚,赵祥,等.放牧对赖草群落生物量及植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(5):942-948.
[21]刘玉,刘振恒,邓蕾,等.季节性放牧对草地植物多样性与功能群特征的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(7):1403-1409.
[22]韩路,潘伯荣,王绍明,等.适度放牧对林间草原植物形态特征及生物多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(9):1405-1412.
[23]崔树娟,布仁,巴音,等.不同季节适度放牧对高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响[J].西北植物学报,2014,34(2):349-357.
[24]刘振国,李镇清.退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性[J].生态学报,2015(2):170-177.
[25]臧晓琳,张洪芹,王鑫朝,等.放牧对冷蒿根际土壤微生物数量和群落功能多样性的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(1):86-95.