流动剪切对原油乳化含水率的影响及基于焓的定量表征
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摘要
油水两相的乳化特性对两相流的流型和压降规律有显著影响。流动条件下的原油乳化含水率是影响油水两相流动特性的关键。针对4种原油,通过油水两相的乳化实验,研究了搅拌转速、水相比例、温度及搅拌时间对原油乳化含水率的影响。研究发现,当水相比例低于某一临界值时,在一定搅拌转速范围内会发生完全乳化现象,当水相比例高于该临界值时,只发生部分乳化。不同原油发生完全乳化的临界水相比例不同,与原油物性相关;对于非完全乳化的情况,原油乳化含水率随搅拌转速的增大而增大,随水相比例、温度的升高而减小,随搅拌时间的增加而增大;油水两相乳化过程中消耗的能量可采用比焓进行表征,不同剪切条件下的原油乳化含水率可以与比焓进行归一化关联,并且二者符合幂律关系。
Emulsification behaviors of crude oil-water two phase have significant effect on the flow pattern and pressure drop of multiphase flow. The emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions acts as the essential factor affecting the characteristics of multiphase flow. 4 kinds of crude oils were used in the emulsification experiments,and the effect of stirring speed,water fraction,temperature,and stirring time on the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions was studied. It was found that full emulsification was happened in a range of stirring speed when the water fraction below a critical value,and only partial emulsification occurred above this critical water fraction.The critical water fractions for full emulsification are different for different crude oils,relating to the properties of crude oils. For partial emulsification,the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions increased with the increase of stirring speed and stirring time,and decreased with the rise of water fraction and temperature. The specific enthalpy was used to characterize the energy consumption during the emulsification process,the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions was found to correlate well with the specific enthalpy regardless of the differences in shearing conditions,and a power law equation well fit the data.
Emulsification behaviors of crude oil-water two phase have significant effect on the flow pattern and pressure drop of multiphase flow. The emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions acts as the essential factor affecting the characteristics of multiphase flow. 4 kinds of crude oils were used in the emulsification experiments,and the effect of stirring speed,water fraction,temperature,and stirring time on the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions was studied. It was found that full emulsification was happened in a range of stirring speed when the water fraction below a critical value,and only partial emulsification occurred above this critical water fraction.The critical water fractions for full emulsification are different for different crude oils,relating to the properties of crude oils. For partial emulsification,the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions increased with the increase of stirring speed and stirring time,and decreased with the rise of water fraction and temperature. The specific enthalpy was used to characterize the energy consumption during the emulsification process,the emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions was found to correlate well with the specific enthalpy regardless of the differences in shearing conditions,and a power law equation well fit the data.
引文
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14 Abdurahman N H,Rosli Y M,Azhari N H,et al.Pipeline transportation of viscous crudes as concentrated oil-in-water emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,90:139-144
15 Binks B P,Rocher A.Effects of temperature on water-in-oil emulsions stabilised solely by wax microparticles[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2009,335(1):94-104
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17 Keleoglu S,Pettersen B,Sj9blom J.Flow properties of water-inNorth Sea heavy crude oil emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,100:14-23
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22 Moradpour H,Chapoy A,Tohidi B.Bimodal model for predicting the emulsion-hydrate mixture viscosity in high water cut systems[J].Fuel,2011,90(11):3343-3351
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24 Vankova N,Tcholakova S,Denkov N D,et al.Emulsification in turbulent flow:1.Mean and maximum drop diameters in inertial and viscous regimes[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2007,312(2):363-380
25 Yang X,Verruto V J,Kilpatrick P K.Dynamic asphaltene?resin exchange at the oil/water interface:Time-dependent W/O emulsion stability for asphaltene/resin model oils[J].Energy&fuels,2007,21(3):1343-1349
26 Nenningsland A L,Gao B,Simon S,et al.Comparative study of stabilizing agents for water-in-oil emulsions[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(12):5746-5754
27 Azodi M,Nazar A R S.An experimental study on factors affecting the heavy crude oil in water emulsions viscosity[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,106:1-8
28 Narsimhan G.Model for drop coalescence in a locally isotropic turbulent flow field[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2004,272(1):197-209
29 Klink I M,Phillips R J,Dungan S R.Effect of emulsion drop-size distribution upon coalescence in simple shear flow:A population balance study[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2011,353(2):467-475
30文江波,张劲军,郑飞,等.流动条件下原油乳化含水率与水相组成的关系[J].石油学报,2015,36(5):626-632Wen Jiangbo,Zhang Jinjun,Zheng Fei,et al.Relationship between emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions and composition of water phase[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(5):626-632
31沈钟,赵振国,康万利.胶体与表面化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2011Shen Zhong,Zhao Zhenguo,Kang Wangli.Colloid and surface chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2011
32梁文平.乳状液科学与技术基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2011Liang Wenping.Emulsion science and technology base[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011
2 Tchoukov P,Czarnecki J,Dabros T.Study of water-in-oil thin liquid films:Implications for the stability of petroleum emulsions[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2010,372(1-3):15-21
3 Daaou M,Bendedouch D.Water pH and surfactant addition effects on the stability of an Algerian crude oil emulsion[J].Journal of Saudi Chemical Society,2012,16(3):333-337
4 Wang W,Gong J,Angeli P.Investigation on heavy crude-water two phase flow and related flow characteristics[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(9):1156-1164
5 Foroughi H,Kawaji M.Viscous oil-water flows in a microchannel initially saturated with oil:Flow patterns and pressure drop characteristics[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(9):1147-1155
6 Xu X X.Study on oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipelines[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2007,59(1-2):43-58
7 Rodriguez O M H,Oliemans R V A.Experimental study on oil-water flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipes[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2006,32(3):323-343
8 Hadziabdic M,Oliemans R V A.Parametric study of a model for determining the liquid flow-rates from the pressure drop and water holdup in oil-water flows[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2007,33(12):1365-1394
9 Sotgia G,Tartarini P,Stalio E.Experimental analysis of flow regimes and pressure drop reduction in oil-water mixtures[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2008,34(12):1161-1174
10 Kilpatrick P K.Water-in-crude oil emulsion stabilization:Review and unanswered questions[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(7):4017-4026
11 Fingas M,Fieldhouse B.Studies of the formation process of waterin-oil emulsions[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,47(9-12):369-396
12 El Gamal M,Mohamed A M O,Zekri A Y.Effect of asphaltene,carbonate,and clay mineral contents on water cut determination in water-oil emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2005,46(3):209-224
13 Zaki N N.Surfactant stabilized crude oil-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation of viscous crude oils[J].Colloids and surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1997,125(1):19-25
14 Abdurahman N H,Rosli Y M,Azhari N H,et al.Pipeline transportation of viscous crudes as concentrated oil-in-water emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,90:139-144
15 Binks B P,Rocher A.Effects of temperature on water-in-oil emulsions stabilised solely by wax microparticles[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2009,335(1):94-104
16 Hesampour M,Krzyzaniak A,Nystr9m M.The influence of different factors on the stability and ultrafiltration of emulsified oil in water[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,325(1):199-208
17 Keleoglu S,Pettersen B,Sj9blom J.Flow properties of water-inNorth Sea heavy crude oil emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,100:14-23
18 Pal R.Viscosity-concentration equation for emulsions of nearly spherical droplets[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2000,231(1):168-175
19 Pal R.Viscous behavior of concentrated emulsions of two immiscible Newtonian fluids with interfacial tension[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2003,263(1):296-305
20 Johnsen E E,R9nningsen H P.Viscosity of“live”water-in-crude-oil emulsions:experimental work and validation of correlations[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2003,38(1-2):23-36
21 Bullard J W,Pauli A T,Garboczi E J,et al.A comparison of viscosity-concentration relationships for emulsions[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2009,330(1):186-193
22 Moradpour H,Chapoy A,Tohidi B.Bimodal model for predicting the emulsion-hydrate mixture viscosity in high water cut systems[J].Fuel,2011,90(11):3343-3351
23 Ahmed N S,Nassar A M,Zaki N N,et al.Formation of fluid heavy oil-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation[J].Fuel,1999,78(5):593-600
24 Vankova N,Tcholakova S,Denkov N D,et al.Emulsification in turbulent flow:1.Mean and maximum drop diameters in inertial and viscous regimes[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2007,312(2):363-380
25 Yang X,Verruto V J,Kilpatrick P K.Dynamic asphaltene?resin exchange at the oil/water interface:Time-dependent W/O emulsion stability for asphaltene/resin model oils[J].Energy&fuels,2007,21(3):1343-1349
26 Nenningsland A L,Gao B,Simon S,et al.Comparative study of stabilizing agents for water-in-oil emulsions[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(12):5746-5754
27 Azodi M,Nazar A R S.An experimental study on factors affecting the heavy crude oil in water emulsions viscosity[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,106:1-8
28 Narsimhan G.Model for drop coalescence in a locally isotropic turbulent flow field[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2004,272(1):197-209
29 Klink I M,Phillips R J,Dungan S R.Effect of emulsion drop-size distribution upon coalescence in simple shear flow:A population balance study[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2011,353(2):467-475
30文江波,张劲军,郑飞,等.流动条件下原油乳化含水率与水相组成的关系[J].石油学报,2015,36(5):626-632Wen Jiangbo,Zhang Jinjun,Zheng Fei,et al.Relationship between emulsified water fraction under flowing conditions and composition of water phase[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(5):626-632
31沈钟,赵振国,康万利.胶体与表面化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2011Shen Zhong,Zhao Zhenguo,Kang Wangli.Colloid and surface chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2011
32梁文平.乳状液科学与技术基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2011Liang Wenping.Emulsion science and technology base[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011