基于数字滤波法和SWAT模型的灞河流域基流时空变化特征研究
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摘要
将国内外应用较广的数字滤波法和分布式水文模型SWAT相结合,在进行基流时间特征分析的基础上,通过修正基流退水系数α、模型效率评价、重新运行模型、GIS空间插值和趋势分析等方法,创新性地实现了基流空间特征的可视化表达。研究结果表明:1 2001~2012年灞河流域年均基流指数(BFI)为0.43,总体呈增加的趋势。年降水量与年径流、年基流均呈明显的正相关关系,与年基流指数呈明显的负相关关系;2基流年内变化较为稳定,在时间上存在秋季>春季>夏季>冬季、汛期>非汛期的关系。枯水期的基流指数高达0.78,表明基流是枯水期河流的主要补给来源;3灞河流域基流在空间上表现为自东南向西北、自上游向下游逐渐增加的趋势,这种空间分异规律是由流域的地势和河流流向决定的。
Baseflow plays an important role in maintaining the health and the ecological functions of rivers.Baseflow separation is also a hot topic of hydrology all the time.The article combines the Digital Filter Method and SWAT which is a distributed hydrological model and widely used at home and abroad.It creatively realizes the visual representation of the spatial features of baseflow on the basis of analyzing the time characteristics of baseflow and by correcting baseflow alpha factor,evaluating the model efficiency,rerunning the SWAT model,GIS spatial interpolation and trend analysis etc.The results show that:1) The annual average Baseflow Index(BFI) of the Bahe River Basin from 2001 to 2012 is 0.43,presenting an increasing trend on the whole.The annual precipitation has a positive correlation with annual runoff and annual baseflow;but it obviously shows a negative relation between annual precipitation and annual Baseflow Index(BFI);2) The change of baseflow is relatively stable within a year,and the base flow in different seasons tends to be:Autumn> Spring>Summer>Winter,while flood season is bigger than that of the non-flood season.BFI is as high as 0.78 in dry seasons,which shows that baseflow is the main replenishment source of river in dry seasons;3) The baseflow of the Bahe River Basin tends to be an increasing tendency from Southeast to Northwest and from upstream to downstream in spatial terms.Also,such a spatial variation law is determined by the terrain of the basin and the direction of the river.
Baseflow plays an important role in maintaining the health and the ecological functions of rivers.Baseflow separation is also a hot topic of hydrology all the time.The article combines the Digital Filter Method and SWAT which is a distributed hydrological model and widely used at home and abroad.It creatively realizes the visual representation of the spatial features of baseflow on the basis of analyzing the time characteristics of baseflow and by correcting baseflow alpha factor,evaluating the model efficiency,rerunning the SWAT model,GIS spatial interpolation and trend analysis etc.The results show that:1) The annual average Baseflow Index(BFI) of the Bahe River Basin from 2001 to 2012 is 0.43,presenting an increasing trend on the whole.The annual precipitation has a positive correlation with annual runoff and annual baseflow;but it obviously shows a negative relation between annual precipitation and annual Baseflow Index(BFI);2) The change of baseflow is relatively stable within a year,and the base flow in different seasons tends to be:Autumn> Spring>Summer>Winter,while flood season is bigger than that of the non-flood season.BFI is as high as 0.78 in dry seasons,which shows that baseflow is the main replenishment source of river in dry seasons;3) The baseflow of the Bahe River Basin tends to be an increasing tendency from Southeast to Northwest and from upstream to downstream in spatial terms.Also,such a spatial variation law is determined by the terrain of the basin and the direction of the river.
引文
[1]徐磊磊,刘敬林,金昌杰,等.水文过程的基流分割方法研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):3073-3080.[Xu Leilei,Liu Jinglin,Jin Changjie et al.Baseflow separation methods in hydrological process research:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(11):3073-3080.]
[2]Hall F R.Base-flow recessions—A review[J].Water Resources Research,1968,4(5):973-983.
[3]张华,张勃,赵传燕.黑河上游多年基流变化及其原因分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1421-1430.[Zhang Hua,Zhang Bo,Zhao Chuanyan.Annual base flow change and its causes in the upper reaches of Heihe River.Geographical Research,2011,30(8):1421-1430.]
[4]戴明英.黄河中游支流基流的分割及特性分析[J].人民黄河,1996,(10):40-43.[Dai Mingying.Baseflow separation and characteristic analysis of tributaries in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Yellow River,1996(10):40-43.]
[5]张殷钦.基流对流域水量平衡的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.[Zhang Yanqin.Study on the impact of baseflow on watershed water balance Yangling:Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.]
[6]Arnold J G,Allen P M.Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(2):411-424.
[7]Arnold J G,Allen P M,Muttiah Ret al.Automated base flow separation and recession analysis techniques[J].Groundwater,1995,33(6):1010-1018.
[8]Koskelo A I,Fisher T R,Utz R M et al.A new precipitation-based method of baseflow separation and event identification for small watersheds(<50 km(2))[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,450(450/451):267-278.
[9]杨蕊,王龙,韩春玲.9种基流分割方法在南盘江上游的应用对比[J].云南农业大学学报:自然科学,2013,28(5):707-712.[Yang Rui,Wang Long,Han Chunling.Nine kinds of base flow separation methods apply and comparative in the Upper Reach of Nanpan River.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2013,28(5):707-712.]
[10]陈利群,刘昌明,李发东.基流研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):1-15.[Chen Liqun,Liu Changming,Li Fadong.Reviews on base flow researches.Progress in Geography,2006,25(1):1-15.]
[11]陈利群,刘昌明,郝芳华,等.黄河源区基流变化及影响因子分析[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(2):141-148.[Chen Liqun,Liu Changming,Hao Fanghua et al.Change of the baseflow and it's impacting factors in the source regions of Yellow River.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(2):141-148.]
[12]Partington D,Brunner P,Simmons C T et al.Evaluation of outputs from automated baseflow separation methods against simulated baseflow from a physically based,surface water-groundwater flow model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,(458/459):28-39.
[13]Nathan R J,Mc Mahon T A.Evaluation of automated techniques for base flow and recession analyses[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1465-1473.
[14]黄国如.流量过程线的自动分割方法探讨[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):73-78.[Huang Guoru.Base flow separation from daily flow hydrograph using automated techniques.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2007,26(1):73-78.]
[15]祖明娟,管仪庆,张丹蓉,等.海流兔河近50年来基流变化特征分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013,24(3):38-42.[Zu Mingjuan,Guan Yiqing,Zhang Danrong et al.Analysis of base flow variation characteristic in Hailiutu River in past 50 years.Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2013,24(3):38-42.]
[16]党素珍,王中根,刘昌明.黑河上游地区基流分割及其变化特征分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(12):2232-2237.[Dang Suzhen,Wang Zhonggen,Liu Changming.Baseflow separation and its characteristics in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin.Resources Science,2011,33(12):2232-2237.]
[17]郭军庭,张志强,王盛萍,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域基流特点及其影响因子分析[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):87-92.[Guo Junting,Zhang Zhiqiang,Wang Chengping et al.Features of baseflow and its influencing factors for small watersheds in Loess Hilly and Gully Region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):87-92.]
[18]雷泳南,张晓萍,张建军,等.自动基流分割法在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型流域适用性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):57-64.[Lei Yongna,Zhang Xiaoping,Zhang Jianjun et al.Suitability analysis of automatic baseflow separation methods in typical watersheds of water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(6):57-64.]
[19]于艺鹏,杨亚辉,蔺鹏飞,等.自动基流分割法在北洛河流域的适宜性对比[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):302-307.[Yu Yipeng,Yang Yahui,Lin Pengfei et al.Comparison of suitability among automatic baseflow separation methods for separating baseflow in Beiluo River Basin.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):302-307.]
[20]朱睿.基于GIServices的SWAT水文模型服务研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2014.[Zhu Rui.Research on SWAT hydrological modeling based on GIServices for web services.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.]
[21]Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles[J].Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[22]胡胜.基于SWAT模型的北洛河流域生态水文过程模拟与预测研究[D].西安:西北大学,2015.[Hu Sheng.Simulation and prediction research of the ecohydrological process based on SWAT model in Beiluo River Basin.Xi'an:Northwest University,2015.]
[23]Gupta H V,Sorooshian S,Yapo P O.Status of automatic calibration for hydrologic models:Comparison with multilevel expert calibration[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,1999,4(2):135-143.
[24]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Liew M V et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[25]王中根,刘昌明,黄友波.SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(1):79-86.[Wang Zhonggen,Liu Changming,Huang Youbo.The theory of SWAT model and its application in Heihe Basin.Progress in Geography,2003,22(1):79-86.]
[26]Dile Y T,Srinivasan R.Evaluation of CFSR climate data for hydrologic prediction in data‐scarce watersheds:An application in the Blue Nile River Basin[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2014,50(5):1226-1241.
[27]Rouholahnejad E,Abbaspour K C,Srinivasan R et al.Water resources of the Black Sea Basin at high spatial and temporal resolution[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50(7):5866-5885.
[28]Abbaspour K C,Rouholahnejad E,Vaghefi S et al.A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe:Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,524:733-752.
[29]Troin M,Caya D,Velázquez J A et al.Hydrological response to dynamical downscaling of climate model outputs:A case study for western and eastern snowmelt-dominated Canada catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2015,(4):595-610.
[30]刘昌明,夏军,郭生练,等.黄河流域分布式水文模型初步研究与进展[J].水科学进展,2004,15(4):495-500.[Liu Changming,Xia Jun,Guo Shenglian et al.Advances in distributed hydrological modeling in the Yellow River basin.Advances in Water Science,2004,15(4):495-500.]
[31]赖正清,李硕,李呈罡,等.SWAT模型在黑河中上游流域的改进与应用[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(8):1404-1413.[Lai Zhengqing,Li Shuo,Li Chenggang et al.Improvement and applications of SWAT model in the upper-middle Heihe River Basin.Journal of Natural Resource,2013,28(8):1404-1413.]
[32]刘贵花,栾兆擎,阎百兴,等.基于SWAT模型的三江平原沼泽性河流的径流模拟[J].水文,2014,34(1):46-51.[Liu Guihua,Luan Zhaoqing,Yan Baixing et al.Runoff simulation for marsh rivers in Sanjiang Plain based on SWAT model.Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(1):46-51.]
[33]王林,陈兴伟.退化山地生态系统植被恢复水文效应的SWAT模拟[J].山地学报,2008,26(1):71-75.[Wang Lin,Chen Xingwei.Simulation of hydrological effects on vegetation restoration of degraded mountain ecosystem with SWAT model.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(1):71-75.]
[34]刘志方,刘友存,郝永红,等.黑河出山径流过程与气象要素多尺度交叉小波分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1137-1146.[Liu Zhifang,Liu Youcun,Hao Yonghong et al.Multi-time scale cross-wavelet transformation between runoff and climate factors in the upstream of Heihe River.Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1137-1146.]
[35]Torrence C,Compo G P.A practical guide to wavelet analysis[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1998,79(1):61-78.
[36]Grinsted A,Moore J C,Jevrejeva S.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series[J].Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics,2004,11(5/6):561-566.
[37]祁晓凡,蒋忠诚,罗为群.典型表层岩溶水系统降水量与泉流量的交叉小波分析[J].地球与环境,2012,40(4):561-567.[Qi Xiaofan,Jiang Zhongcheng,Luo Weiqun.Cross wavelet analysis of relationship between precipitation and spring discharge of a typical epikarst water system.Earth and Environment,2012,40(4):561-567.]
[38]牛明慧,孔珂,徐征和.济南市南部山区汛期的基流量变化[J].济南大学学报:自然科学版,2013,27(4):414-418.[Niu Minghui,Kong Ke,Xu Zhenghe.Base flow changes of Jinan southern mountains in flood season.Journal of University of Jinan:Sci.&Tech.,2013,27(4):414-418.]
[2]Hall F R.Base-flow recessions—A review[J].Water Resources Research,1968,4(5):973-983.
[3]张华,张勃,赵传燕.黑河上游多年基流变化及其原因分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1421-1430.[Zhang Hua,Zhang Bo,Zhao Chuanyan.Annual base flow change and its causes in the upper reaches of Heihe River.Geographical Research,2011,30(8):1421-1430.]
[4]戴明英.黄河中游支流基流的分割及特性分析[J].人民黄河,1996,(10):40-43.[Dai Mingying.Baseflow separation and characteristic analysis of tributaries in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Yellow River,1996(10):40-43.]
[5]张殷钦.基流对流域水量平衡的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.[Zhang Yanqin.Study on the impact of baseflow on watershed water balance Yangling:Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.]
[6]Arnold J G,Allen P M.Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(2):411-424.
[7]Arnold J G,Allen P M,Muttiah Ret al.Automated base flow separation and recession analysis techniques[J].Groundwater,1995,33(6):1010-1018.
[8]Koskelo A I,Fisher T R,Utz R M et al.A new precipitation-based method of baseflow separation and event identification for small watersheds(<50 km(2))[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,450(450/451):267-278.
[9]杨蕊,王龙,韩春玲.9种基流分割方法在南盘江上游的应用对比[J].云南农业大学学报:自然科学,2013,28(5):707-712.[Yang Rui,Wang Long,Han Chunling.Nine kinds of base flow separation methods apply and comparative in the Upper Reach of Nanpan River.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2013,28(5):707-712.]
[10]陈利群,刘昌明,李发东.基流研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):1-15.[Chen Liqun,Liu Changming,Li Fadong.Reviews on base flow researches.Progress in Geography,2006,25(1):1-15.]
[11]陈利群,刘昌明,郝芳华,等.黄河源区基流变化及影响因子分析[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(2):141-148.[Chen Liqun,Liu Changming,Hao Fanghua et al.Change of the baseflow and it's impacting factors in the source regions of Yellow River.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(2):141-148.]
[12]Partington D,Brunner P,Simmons C T et al.Evaluation of outputs from automated baseflow separation methods against simulated baseflow from a physically based,surface water-groundwater flow model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,(458/459):28-39.
[13]Nathan R J,Mc Mahon T A.Evaluation of automated techniques for base flow and recession analyses[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1465-1473.
[14]黄国如.流量过程线的自动分割方法探讨[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):73-78.[Huang Guoru.Base flow separation from daily flow hydrograph using automated techniques.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2007,26(1):73-78.]
[15]祖明娟,管仪庆,张丹蓉,等.海流兔河近50年来基流变化特征分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013,24(3):38-42.[Zu Mingjuan,Guan Yiqing,Zhang Danrong et al.Analysis of base flow variation characteristic in Hailiutu River in past 50 years.Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2013,24(3):38-42.]
[16]党素珍,王中根,刘昌明.黑河上游地区基流分割及其变化特征分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(12):2232-2237.[Dang Suzhen,Wang Zhonggen,Liu Changming.Baseflow separation and its characteristics in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin.Resources Science,2011,33(12):2232-2237.]
[17]郭军庭,张志强,王盛萍,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域基流特点及其影响因子分析[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):87-92.[Guo Junting,Zhang Zhiqiang,Wang Chengping et al.Features of baseflow and its influencing factors for small watersheds in Loess Hilly and Gully Region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):87-92.]
[18]雷泳南,张晓萍,张建军,等.自动基流分割法在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型流域适用性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):57-64.[Lei Yongna,Zhang Xiaoping,Zhang Jianjun et al.Suitability analysis of automatic baseflow separation methods in typical watersheds of water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(6):57-64.]
[19]于艺鹏,杨亚辉,蔺鹏飞,等.自动基流分割法在北洛河流域的适宜性对比[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):302-307.[Yu Yipeng,Yang Yahui,Lin Pengfei et al.Comparison of suitability among automatic baseflow separation methods for separating baseflow in Beiluo River Basin.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):302-307.]
[20]朱睿.基于GIServices的SWAT水文模型服务研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2014.[Zhu Rui.Research on SWAT hydrological modeling based on GIServices for web services.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.]
[21]Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles[J].Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[22]胡胜.基于SWAT模型的北洛河流域生态水文过程模拟与预测研究[D].西安:西北大学,2015.[Hu Sheng.Simulation and prediction research of the ecohydrological process based on SWAT model in Beiluo River Basin.Xi'an:Northwest University,2015.]
[23]Gupta H V,Sorooshian S,Yapo P O.Status of automatic calibration for hydrologic models:Comparison with multilevel expert calibration[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,1999,4(2):135-143.
[24]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Liew M V et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[25]王中根,刘昌明,黄友波.SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(1):79-86.[Wang Zhonggen,Liu Changming,Huang Youbo.The theory of SWAT model and its application in Heihe Basin.Progress in Geography,2003,22(1):79-86.]
[26]Dile Y T,Srinivasan R.Evaluation of CFSR climate data for hydrologic prediction in data‐scarce watersheds:An application in the Blue Nile River Basin[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2014,50(5):1226-1241.
[27]Rouholahnejad E,Abbaspour K C,Srinivasan R et al.Water resources of the Black Sea Basin at high spatial and temporal resolution[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50(7):5866-5885.
[28]Abbaspour K C,Rouholahnejad E,Vaghefi S et al.A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe:Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,524:733-752.
[29]Troin M,Caya D,Velázquez J A et al.Hydrological response to dynamical downscaling of climate model outputs:A case study for western and eastern snowmelt-dominated Canada catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2015,(4):595-610.
[30]刘昌明,夏军,郭生练,等.黄河流域分布式水文模型初步研究与进展[J].水科学进展,2004,15(4):495-500.[Liu Changming,Xia Jun,Guo Shenglian et al.Advances in distributed hydrological modeling in the Yellow River basin.Advances in Water Science,2004,15(4):495-500.]
[31]赖正清,李硕,李呈罡,等.SWAT模型在黑河中上游流域的改进与应用[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(8):1404-1413.[Lai Zhengqing,Li Shuo,Li Chenggang et al.Improvement and applications of SWAT model in the upper-middle Heihe River Basin.Journal of Natural Resource,2013,28(8):1404-1413.]
[32]刘贵花,栾兆擎,阎百兴,等.基于SWAT模型的三江平原沼泽性河流的径流模拟[J].水文,2014,34(1):46-51.[Liu Guihua,Luan Zhaoqing,Yan Baixing et al.Runoff simulation for marsh rivers in Sanjiang Plain based on SWAT model.Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(1):46-51.]
[33]王林,陈兴伟.退化山地生态系统植被恢复水文效应的SWAT模拟[J].山地学报,2008,26(1):71-75.[Wang Lin,Chen Xingwei.Simulation of hydrological effects on vegetation restoration of degraded mountain ecosystem with SWAT model.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(1):71-75.]
[34]刘志方,刘友存,郝永红,等.黑河出山径流过程与气象要素多尺度交叉小波分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1137-1146.[Liu Zhifang,Liu Youcun,Hao Yonghong et al.Multi-time scale cross-wavelet transformation between runoff and climate factors in the upstream of Heihe River.Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1137-1146.]
[35]Torrence C,Compo G P.A practical guide to wavelet analysis[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1998,79(1):61-78.
[36]Grinsted A,Moore J C,Jevrejeva S.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series[J].Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics,2004,11(5/6):561-566.
[37]祁晓凡,蒋忠诚,罗为群.典型表层岩溶水系统降水量与泉流量的交叉小波分析[J].地球与环境,2012,40(4):561-567.[Qi Xiaofan,Jiang Zhongcheng,Luo Weiqun.Cross wavelet analysis of relationship between precipitation and spring discharge of a typical epikarst water system.Earth and Environment,2012,40(4):561-567.]
[38]牛明慧,孔珂,徐征和.济南市南部山区汛期的基流量变化[J].济南大学学报:自然科学版,2013,27(4):414-418.[Niu Minghui,Kong Ke,Xu Zhenghe.Base flow changes of Jinan southern mountains in flood season.Journal of University of Jinan:Sci.&Tech.,2013,27(4):414-418.]