自动驾驶与交通安全
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摘要
自动驾驶是指在无需驾驶人干预情况下,车辆自动完成部分驾驶操作(转向、加速、制动等)。自动驾驶技术分为:0-无自动化、1-驾驶支援、2-部分自动化、3-有条件自动化、4-高度自动化和5-完全自动化。虽然目前缺乏完整统计数据证明自动驾驶的安全性,但普遍认为自动驾驶能有效控制人为因素导致的事故,将极大增加道路交通安全性。对近年来发生多起自动驾驶导致死亡的道路交通事故分析提示在自动驾驶安全方面存在一系列急需进行深入研究和完善的问题,主要包括:①自动驾驶的法律基础、配套法律和规范;②自动驾驶车辆安全的规范管理,包括国家层面的政策框架、企业的主体责任落实与督促、自动驾驶技术的安全评估与车辆测试的管理等;③自动驾驶导致道路事故的责任主体与认定;④自动驾驶控制中的伦理(如优先碰撞对象的决策)、数据隐私、网络安全责任等。
Autonomous driving refers to a vehicle automatically complete some driving operations(steering, acceleration, braking, etc.) without driver's intervention. Autonomous driving technology is divided into five levels: 0-no automation, 1-driving assistance, 2-partial automation, 3-conditional automation, 4-high automation and 5-full automation. It is widely believed that autonomous driving can effectively reduce crashes caused by human factors and greatly increase road traffic safety although there currently lacks adequate statistical data on autonomous driving safety. The analysis of recent fatal road traffic crashes caused by autonomous driving indicates that there are a series of problems related to autonomous driving safety that need to be thoroughly studied and improved, mainly including:(1) legal basis, supporting laws and regulations for autonomous driving;(2) standardized management of autonomous driving safety, including the policy framework at the national level, the implementation and supervision of the main responsibility of enterprises, the safety evaluation of autonomous driving technology and the management of vehicle testing;(3) and identification of responsible subjects of road traffic crashes caused by autonomous driving; and(4) ethics(such as decision-making for priority collision targets), data privacy and network security responsibility in autonomous driving.
Autonomous driving refers to a vehicle automatically complete some driving operations(steering, acceleration, braking, etc.) without driver's intervention. Autonomous driving technology is divided into five levels: 0-no automation, 1-driving assistance, 2-partial automation, 3-conditional automation, 4-high automation and 5-full automation. It is widely believed that autonomous driving can effectively reduce crashes caused by human factors and greatly increase road traffic safety although there currently lacks adequate statistical data on autonomous driving safety. The analysis of recent fatal road traffic crashes caused by autonomous driving indicates that there are a series of problems related to autonomous driving safety that need to be thoroughly studied and improved, mainly including:(1) legal basis, supporting laws and regulations for autonomous driving;(2) standardized management of autonomous driving safety, including the policy framework at the national level, the implementation and supervision of the main responsibility of enterprises, the safety evaluation of autonomous driving technology and the management of vehicle testing;(3) and identification of responsible subjects of road traffic crashes caused by autonomous driving; and(4) ethics(such as decision-making for priority collision targets), data privacy and network security responsibility in autonomous driving.
引文
[1]赵光明,周文辉,王艺帆.中美自动驾驶汽车死亡事故对车辆安全管理的启示研究[J].道路交通管理,2016,11:30-32.
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[3]李林.特斯拉Model X撞高速中央隔离带起火,司机受伤身亡[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/22628608_610300.
[4]A critique of NHTSA and SAE"Levels"of self-driving[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://www.templetons.com/brad/robocars/levels.html.
[5]陈超卓.中国瑞典交通安全研究中心总监分享:自动驾驶的法律法规以及成本控制[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://www.sohu.com/a/110075648_114877.
[6]周卫红,周继红.创伤伤害夹生程度的定量评估[J].伤害医学,2013,2(2):46-50.
[7]Alter.百度总裁张亚勤:自动驾驶将提升交通安全10倍以上[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1589364343149160745&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[8]Roger L.McCarthy:自动驾驶现状与自动驾驶技术对于交通事故预防的意义[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://auto.hexun.com/2017-08-07/190341224.html.
[9]Carsten Krieglstein.自动驾驶给保险业出了道难题[EB/OL].(2016-08-12)[2019-2-20].http://www.eeo.com.cn/2016/0812/290756.shtml.
[10]中国公路.美国交通部部长:自动驾驶政策制定要遵循6项原则[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://wemedia.ifeng.com/74244616/wemedia.shtml.
[11]道路交通集成优化与安全分析技术国家工程实验室自动驾驶测试技术研究组.自动驾驶技术解读-世界各国及组织现行法规政策[J].道路交通科学技术,2017,4:3-6.
[12]应朝阳,宋群.欧洲自动驾驶车辆法规及发展情况介绍[J].道路交通科学技术,2015,6:27-28.
[13]陶盈.自动驾驶车辆交通事故损害赔偿责任探析[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2018,32(3):136-141.
[14]Borenstein J,Herkert J R,Miller K W.Self-driving cars and engineering ethics:the need for a system level analysis[J].Science and Engineering Ethics,2017,1-16.
[2]凤凰网科技.Uber遭遇首起自动驾驶汽车致行人死亡事故暂停测试[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://news.ifeng.com/a/20180320/56882201_0.shtml.
[3]李林.特斯拉Model X撞高速中央隔离带起火,司机受伤身亡[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/22628608_610300.
[4]A critique of NHTSA and SAE"Levels"of self-driving[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://www.templetons.com/brad/robocars/levels.html.
[5]陈超卓.中国瑞典交通安全研究中心总监分享:自动驾驶的法律法规以及成本控制[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://www.sohu.com/a/110075648_114877.
[6]周卫红,周继红.创伤伤害夹生程度的定量评估[J].伤害医学,2013,2(2):46-50.
[7]Alter.百度总裁张亚勤:自动驾驶将提升交通安全10倍以上[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1589364343149160745&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[8]Roger L.McCarthy:自动驾驶现状与自动驾驶技术对于交通事故预防的意义[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://auto.hexun.com/2017-08-07/190341224.html.
[9]Carsten Krieglstein.自动驾驶给保险业出了道难题[EB/OL].(2016-08-12)[2019-2-20].http://www.eeo.com.cn/2016/0812/290756.shtml.
[10]中国公路.美国交通部部长:自动驾驶政策制定要遵循6项原则[EB/OL].[2018-11-27].http://wemedia.ifeng.com/74244616/wemedia.shtml.
[11]道路交通集成优化与安全分析技术国家工程实验室自动驾驶测试技术研究组.自动驾驶技术解读-世界各国及组织现行法规政策[J].道路交通科学技术,2017,4:3-6.
[12]应朝阳,宋群.欧洲自动驾驶车辆法规及发展情况介绍[J].道路交通科学技术,2015,6:27-28.
[13]陶盈.自动驾驶车辆交通事故损害赔偿责任探析[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2018,32(3):136-141.
[14]Borenstein J,Herkert J R,Miller K W.Self-driving cars and engineering ethics:the need for a system level analysis[J].Science and Engineering Ethics,2017,1-16.