自恋型领导会诱发工作场所越轨行为吗?——来自道德推脱和道义不公平理论的解释
|
摘要
伴随着社会经济的发展,很多成功的企业不断涌现。然而,这些成功企业的领导者往往容易过于自我欣赏和膨胀,表现出了更多的自恋行为,从而引发一系列的负面影响,阻碍了组织的进一步成功,并可能导致组织衰败。因此,本研究将结合社会学习理论,道德推脱理论和道义不公平理论来系统探讨自恋型领导的负面效应,具体包括自恋型领导对领导越轨行为、员工越轨行为和群体越轨行为的影响,道德推脱和道义不公平的中介效应,以及权力距离和集体主义的调节效应,最终提出自恋型领导对于越轨行为影响机制的理论框架。本研究一方面丰富了自恋型领导和工作场所越轨行为理论体系,另一方面也对约束自恋型领导负面影响提供了有益的借鉴。
With the development of the society and economy, more and more successful enterprises are emerging. However, leaders in these organizations tend to be overly self-appreciated and self-expanded, and exhibit too much narcissistic behaviors, resulting in series of negative consequences, which hinder the further success of the organization, or even cause organizational declines. Hence, this project systematically explored the negative effects of narcissistic leadership based on social learning theory, moral disengagement theory and deontic justice theory. Specifically, this project is to examine the impact of narcissistic leadership on leader and employee deviance, as well as group deviance. Besides, we will explore the mediating role of moral disengagement and deontic justice, and the moderating role of power distance and collectivism. Finally, we proposed a theoretical framework of narcissistic leadership on deviance behavior. This project will not only enrich narcissistic leadership theory and workplace deviance theory, but also providethe beneficial implications to management and constraint of dark sides of narcissistic leadership.
With the development of the society and economy, more and more successful enterprises are emerging. However, leaders in these organizations tend to be overly self-appreciated and self-expanded, and exhibit too much narcissistic behaviors, resulting in series of negative consequences, which hinder the further success of the organization, or even cause organizational declines. Hence, this project systematically explored the negative effects of narcissistic leadership based on social learning theory, moral disengagement theory and deontic justice theory. Specifically, this project is to examine the impact of narcissistic leadership on leader and employee deviance, as well as group deviance. Besides, we will explore the mediating role of moral disengagement and deontic justice, and the moderating role of power distance and collectivism. Finally, we proposed a theoretical framework of narcissistic leadership on deviance behavior. This project will not only enrich narcissistic leadership theory and workplace deviance theory, but also providethe beneficial implications to management and constraint of dark sides of narcissistic leadership.
引文
1.洪雁、王端旭:《组织内领导越轨行为研究:概念,诱因与结果》,载《心理科学进展》,2012年第3期,第424-432页。
2.黄攸立、李璐:《组织中的自恋型领导研究述评》,载《外国经济与管理》,2014年第7期,第24-33页。
3.唐贵瑶、胡冬青、吴隆增、陈扬:《辱虐管理对员工人际偏差行为的影响及其作用机制研究》,载《管理学报》,2014年第12期,第1782-1789页。
4.王石磊、彭正龙、高源:《中国式领导情境下的80后员工越轨行为研究》,载《管理评论》,2013年第8期,第142-150页。
5.王兴超、杨继平:《中文版道德推脱问卷的信效度研究》,载《中国临床心理学杂志》,2010年第2期,第177-179页。
6.仵凤清、高林:《西方自恋型领导研究综述及展望》,载《领导科学》,2014年第12期,第24-26页。
7.杨继平、王兴超、高玲:《道德推脱的概念、测量及相关变量》,载《心理科学进展》,2010年第4期,第671-678页。
8.杨杰、陈小锋:《工作场所越轨行为结构分类研究》,载《管理学报》,2011年第3期,第403-408页。
9.赵辉:《自恋型CEO:为了表演?》,载《北大商业评论》,2008年第9期,第12-12页。
10.Ackerman R A,Donnellan M B.Evaluating self-report measures of narcissistic entitlement.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,2013,35(4):460-474.
11.Ames D R,Rose P,Anderson C P.The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40(4),440-450.
12.Bandura A,Barbaranelli C,Caprara G V,Pastorelli C.Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(2):364-378.
13.Barsky A.Investigating the effects of moral disengagement and participation on unethical work behavior.Journal of business ethics,2011,104(1),59-75.
14.Benson M J,Hogan R.How dark side leadership personality destroys trust and degrades organisational effectiveness.Organisations and People,2008,15(3):10-18.
15.Beugre C D.Development and validation of a deontic justice scale.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2012,42(9):2163-2190.
16.Blair C A,Hoffman B J,Helland K R.Narcissism in organizations:Amultisource appraisal reflects different perspectives.Human Performance,2008,21(3):254-276.
17.Bochner S,Hesketh B.Power distance,individualism/collectivism,and job-related attitudes in a culturally diverse work group.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1994,25(2),233-257.
18.Chatterjee A,Hambrick D C.It's all about me:Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,2007,52(3):351-386.
19.Chatterjee A,Hambrick D C.Executive personality,capability cues,and risk taking:How narcissistic CEOs react to rheir successes and stumbles.Administrative Science Quarterly,2011,56(2):202-237.
20.Cropanzano R,Stein J H.Organizational justice and behavioral ethics:Promises and prospects.Business Ethics Quarterly,2009,19(02),193-233.
21.Dean B,Paul D.Where egos dare:The untold truth about narcissistic leaders and how to survive them,Work Study,2001,50(1):5-13.
22.Emily G,Newman D A.Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior(CWB):Meta-analysis and consideration of collectivist culture,big five personality,and narcissism's facet structure.Applied Psychology,2014,64(1):93-126.
23.Felps W,Mitchell T R,Byington E.How,when,and why bad apples spoil the barrel:Negative group members and dysfunctional groups.Research in Organizational Behavior,2006,27(6):175-222.
24.Folger R,Cropanzano R,Greenberg J,Cropanzano R.Fairness theory:Justice as accountability.Advances in Organizational Justice,2001,1(1):1-55.
25.Freud S.Group psychology and the analysis of the ego.In J.Strachey(Ed.&Trans.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud24 vols.(Vol.18,pp.65-144).London:Hogarth,1921.
26.Goldman A.Personality disorders in leaders:Implications of the DSM IV-TR in assessing dysfunctional organizations.Journal of Managerial Psychology,2006,21(5):392-414.
27.Grijalva E,Harms P D.Narcissism:An integrative synthesis and dominance complementarity model.Academy of Management Perspectives,2014,28(2):108-127.
28.Harvey P,Martinko M J.An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(4):459-476.
29.Higgs M.The good,the bad and the ugly:Leadership and narcissism.Journal of Change Management,2009,9(2):165-178.
30.Hochwarter W A,Thompson K W.Mirror,mirror on my boss’s wall:Engaged enactment’s moderating role on the relationship between perceived narcissistic supervision and work outcomes.Human Relations,2012,65(3),335-366.
31.Hoffman B J,Woehr D J,Maldagen-Youngjohn R,Lyons B D.Great man or great myth?A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2011,84(2):347-381.
32.Huang G,Yan M N.Why groups engage in collective deviance?The role of unethical leadership.Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of Academy of Management Proceedings,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,2014.
33.Judge T A,Le Pine J A,Rich B L.Loving yourself abundantly:Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance,leadership,and task and contextual performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,2006,91(4):762-776.
34.Kirkman B L,Chen G,Farh J L,Chen Z X,Lowe K B.Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders:A cross-level,cross-cultural examination.Academy of Management Journal,2009,52(4),744-764.
35.Liu Y,Lam L W R,Loi R.Ethical leadership and workplace deviance:The role of moral disengagement.Advances in Global Leadership,2012,7(7):37-56.
36.Maccoby M.Narcissistic leaders.Harvard Business School Press Boston,2007.
37.Maccoby M.Narcissistic leaders:The incredible pros,the inevitable cons.Harvard Business Review,2000,78(1),68-78.
38.Martinez M A,Zeichner A,Reidy D E,Miller J D.Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive,negative,and delayed feedback.Personality and Individual Differences,2008,44(1):140-149.
39.O'Boyle Jr E H.,Forsyth D R,Banks G C,Mc Daniel M A.A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior:A social exchange perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(3):557-567.
40.O'Reilly C A,Doerr B,Caldwell D F,Chatman J A.Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation.The Leadership Quarterly,2014,25(2):218-231.
41.Ouimet G.Dynamics of narcissistic leadership in organizations:Towards an integrated research model.Journal of Managerial Psychology,2010,25(7):713-726.
42.Owens B P,Wallace A S,Waldman D A.Leader narcissism and follower outcomes:The counterbalancing effect of leader humility.Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(4):1203-1213.
43.Padilla A,Hogan R,Kaiser R B.The toxic triangle:Destructive leaders,susceptible followers,and conducive environments.The Leadership Quarterly,2007,18(3):176-194.
44.Palmer N.The effects of leader behavior on follower ethical behavior:Examining the mediating roles of ethical efficacy and moral disengagement,Doctorial Dissertation,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,2013.
45.Raskin R,Terry H.A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(5),890-902.
46.Resick C J,Whitman D S,Weingarden S M,Hiller N J.The bright-side and the dark-side of CEO personality:Examining core self-evaluations,narcissism,transformational leadership,and strategic influence.Journal of Applied Psychology,2009,94(6):1365-1376.
47.Rijsenbilt A,Commandeur H.Narcissus enters the courtroom:CEO narcissism and fraud.Journal of Business Ethics,2013,117(2):413-429.
48.Rosenthal S A,Pittinsky T L.Narcissistic leadership.The Leadership Quarterly,2006,17(6),617-633.
49.Tziner A,Chernyak-Hai L.Perspectives on groups and work teams in the workplace.Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,2012,28(1):51-66.
50.Triandis H C,Bontempo R,Villareal M J,Asai M,Lucca N.Individualism and collectivism:Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(2),323-341.
51.Twenge J M,Foster J D.Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students,1982-2009.Social Psychological and Personality Science,2010,1(1),99-106.
52.Wu J,Lebreton J M.Reconsidering the dispositional basis of counterproductive work behavior:The role of aberrant personality.Personnel Psychology,2011,64(3):593-626.
53.Yam K C,Klotz A,He W,Reynolds S J.Turning good soldiers into bad apples:Examining when and why citizenship behavior leads to deviance.Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of Academy of Management,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,2014.
54.Yammarino F J,Dubinsky A J.Transformational leadership theory:Using levels of analysis to determine boundary conditions.Personnel Psychology,1994,47(4),787-811.
55.Zhong C B,Ku G,Lount R B,Murnighan J K.Compensatory ethics.Journal of Business Ethics,2010,92(3):323-339.
2.黄攸立、李璐:《组织中的自恋型领导研究述评》,载《外国经济与管理》,2014年第7期,第24-33页。
3.唐贵瑶、胡冬青、吴隆增、陈扬:《辱虐管理对员工人际偏差行为的影响及其作用机制研究》,载《管理学报》,2014年第12期,第1782-1789页。
4.王石磊、彭正龙、高源:《中国式领导情境下的80后员工越轨行为研究》,载《管理评论》,2013年第8期,第142-150页。
5.王兴超、杨继平:《中文版道德推脱问卷的信效度研究》,载《中国临床心理学杂志》,2010年第2期,第177-179页。
6.仵凤清、高林:《西方自恋型领导研究综述及展望》,载《领导科学》,2014年第12期,第24-26页。
7.杨继平、王兴超、高玲:《道德推脱的概念、测量及相关变量》,载《心理科学进展》,2010年第4期,第671-678页。
8.杨杰、陈小锋:《工作场所越轨行为结构分类研究》,载《管理学报》,2011年第3期,第403-408页。
9.赵辉:《自恋型CEO:为了表演?》,载《北大商业评论》,2008年第9期,第12-12页。
10.Ackerman R A,Donnellan M B.Evaluating self-report measures of narcissistic entitlement.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,2013,35(4):460-474.
11.Ames D R,Rose P,Anderson C P.The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40(4),440-450.
12.Bandura A,Barbaranelli C,Caprara G V,Pastorelli C.Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(2):364-378.
13.Barsky A.Investigating the effects of moral disengagement and participation on unethical work behavior.Journal of business ethics,2011,104(1),59-75.
14.Benson M J,Hogan R.How dark side leadership personality destroys trust and degrades organisational effectiveness.Organisations and People,2008,15(3):10-18.
15.Beugre C D.Development and validation of a deontic justice scale.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2012,42(9):2163-2190.
16.Blair C A,Hoffman B J,Helland K R.Narcissism in organizations:Amultisource appraisal reflects different perspectives.Human Performance,2008,21(3):254-276.
17.Bochner S,Hesketh B.Power distance,individualism/collectivism,and job-related attitudes in a culturally diverse work group.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1994,25(2),233-257.
18.Chatterjee A,Hambrick D C.It's all about me:Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,2007,52(3):351-386.
19.Chatterjee A,Hambrick D C.Executive personality,capability cues,and risk taking:How narcissistic CEOs react to rheir successes and stumbles.Administrative Science Quarterly,2011,56(2):202-237.
20.Cropanzano R,Stein J H.Organizational justice and behavioral ethics:Promises and prospects.Business Ethics Quarterly,2009,19(02),193-233.
21.Dean B,Paul D.Where egos dare:The untold truth about narcissistic leaders and how to survive them,Work Study,2001,50(1):5-13.
22.Emily G,Newman D A.Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior(CWB):Meta-analysis and consideration of collectivist culture,big five personality,and narcissism's facet structure.Applied Psychology,2014,64(1):93-126.
23.Felps W,Mitchell T R,Byington E.How,when,and why bad apples spoil the barrel:Negative group members and dysfunctional groups.Research in Organizational Behavior,2006,27(6):175-222.
24.Folger R,Cropanzano R,Greenberg J,Cropanzano R.Fairness theory:Justice as accountability.Advances in Organizational Justice,2001,1(1):1-55.
25.Freud S.Group psychology and the analysis of the ego.In J.Strachey(Ed.&Trans.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud24 vols.(Vol.18,pp.65-144).London:Hogarth,1921.
26.Goldman A.Personality disorders in leaders:Implications of the DSM IV-TR in assessing dysfunctional organizations.Journal of Managerial Psychology,2006,21(5):392-414.
27.Grijalva E,Harms P D.Narcissism:An integrative synthesis and dominance complementarity model.Academy of Management Perspectives,2014,28(2):108-127.
28.Harvey P,Martinko M J.An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(4):459-476.
29.Higgs M.The good,the bad and the ugly:Leadership and narcissism.Journal of Change Management,2009,9(2):165-178.
30.Hochwarter W A,Thompson K W.Mirror,mirror on my boss’s wall:Engaged enactment’s moderating role on the relationship between perceived narcissistic supervision and work outcomes.Human Relations,2012,65(3),335-366.
31.Hoffman B J,Woehr D J,Maldagen-Youngjohn R,Lyons B D.Great man or great myth?A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2011,84(2):347-381.
32.Huang G,Yan M N.Why groups engage in collective deviance?The role of unethical leadership.Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of Academy of Management Proceedings,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,2014.
33.Judge T A,Le Pine J A,Rich B L.Loving yourself abundantly:Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance,leadership,and task and contextual performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,2006,91(4):762-776.
34.Kirkman B L,Chen G,Farh J L,Chen Z X,Lowe K B.Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders:A cross-level,cross-cultural examination.Academy of Management Journal,2009,52(4),744-764.
35.Liu Y,Lam L W R,Loi R.Ethical leadership and workplace deviance:The role of moral disengagement.Advances in Global Leadership,2012,7(7):37-56.
36.Maccoby M.Narcissistic leaders.Harvard Business School Press Boston,2007.
37.Maccoby M.Narcissistic leaders:The incredible pros,the inevitable cons.Harvard Business Review,2000,78(1),68-78.
38.Martinez M A,Zeichner A,Reidy D E,Miller J D.Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive,negative,and delayed feedback.Personality and Individual Differences,2008,44(1):140-149.
39.O'Boyle Jr E H.,Forsyth D R,Banks G C,Mc Daniel M A.A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior:A social exchange perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(3):557-567.
40.O'Reilly C A,Doerr B,Caldwell D F,Chatman J A.Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation.The Leadership Quarterly,2014,25(2):218-231.
41.Ouimet G.Dynamics of narcissistic leadership in organizations:Towards an integrated research model.Journal of Managerial Psychology,2010,25(7):713-726.
42.Owens B P,Wallace A S,Waldman D A.Leader narcissism and follower outcomes:The counterbalancing effect of leader humility.Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(4):1203-1213.
43.Padilla A,Hogan R,Kaiser R B.The toxic triangle:Destructive leaders,susceptible followers,and conducive environments.The Leadership Quarterly,2007,18(3):176-194.
44.Palmer N.The effects of leader behavior on follower ethical behavior:Examining the mediating roles of ethical efficacy and moral disengagement,Doctorial Dissertation,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,2013.
45.Raskin R,Terry H.A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(5),890-902.
46.Resick C J,Whitman D S,Weingarden S M,Hiller N J.The bright-side and the dark-side of CEO personality:Examining core self-evaluations,narcissism,transformational leadership,and strategic influence.Journal of Applied Psychology,2009,94(6):1365-1376.
47.Rijsenbilt A,Commandeur H.Narcissus enters the courtroom:CEO narcissism and fraud.Journal of Business Ethics,2013,117(2):413-429.
48.Rosenthal S A,Pittinsky T L.Narcissistic leadership.The Leadership Quarterly,2006,17(6),617-633.
49.Tziner A,Chernyak-Hai L.Perspectives on groups and work teams in the workplace.Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,2012,28(1):51-66.
50.Triandis H C,Bontempo R,Villareal M J,Asai M,Lucca N.Individualism and collectivism:Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(2),323-341.
51.Twenge J M,Foster J D.Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students,1982-2009.Social Psychological and Personality Science,2010,1(1),99-106.
52.Wu J,Lebreton J M.Reconsidering the dispositional basis of counterproductive work behavior:The role of aberrant personality.Personnel Psychology,2011,64(3):593-626.
53.Yam K C,Klotz A,He W,Reynolds S J.Turning good soldiers into bad apples:Examining when and why citizenship behavior leads to deviance.Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of Academy of Management,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,2014.
54.Yammarino F J,Dubinsky A J.Transformational leadership theory:Using levels of analysis to determine boundary conditions.Personnel Psychology,1994,47(4),787-811.
55.Zhong C B,Ku G,Lount R B,Murnighan J K.Compensatory ethics.Journal of Business Ethics,2010,92(3):323-339.