从外倾型到内倾型:康拉德小说文明反思的双重镜像
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摘要
康拉德的小说揭示了"世纪末"人与自然、文化他者直面时的精神冲突,隐含了"自我发现"的主题,展现个体在原始情境中被现代文明体系遮蔽的生命能量,呈现出原始主义倾向,其独特性表现为非理性情绪(内心的自然属性)在原始情境中的涌现,个体因自然力对自我意识的冲击而支离破碎,强烈的个体意识使其无法忍受被群体(自然)力量消解后的痛苦。原始主义是西方文明自我反思的镜像,康拉德的小说折射出西方文化个体意识传统在"世纪末"的历史形态,并借此反省原始主义本身,构成文明反思的双重镜像效果。
Joseph Conrad's fictions reveal the spiritual conflict between human and nature, as well as the cultural other at the turn of the 20th century, imply the theme of "self-discovery", and reveal the life energy which is covered by the modern civilization system in the primitive situation. Conrad's primitivism tendency is characterized by the emergence of irrational emotions(inner natural attributes) in primitive situations and the fragmentation of individuals due to the impact of natural forces on their self-consciousness. The strong individual consciousness is intolerable to the pain of being eliminated by the forces of the group(nature). Primitivism is the mirror image of the self-reflection of Western civilization. Conrad's fictions reflect the historical form of the Western cultural individual consciousness tradition at the turn of the 20th century, rethink the primitivism itself and cause the dual mirror image effect of civilization reflection.
Joseph Conrad's fictions reveal the spiritual conflict between human and nature, as well as the cultural other at the turn of the 20th century, imply the theme of "self-discovery", and reveal the life energy which is covered by the modern civilization system in the primitive situation. Conrad's primitivism tendency is characterized by the emergence of irrational emotions(inner natural attributes) in primitive situations and the fragmentation of individuals due to the impact of natural forces on their self-consciousness. The strong individual consciousness is intolerable to the pain of being eliminated by the forces of the group(nature). Primitivism is the mirror image of the self-reflection of Western civilization. Conrad's fictions reflect the historical form of the Western cultural individual consciousness tradition at the turn of the 20th century, rethink the primitivism itself and cause the dual mirror image effect of civilization reflection.
引文
(1)刘洪涛:《荒原与拯救:现代主义语境中的劳伦斯小说》,中国社会科学出版社2007年版,第271页。
(2)Gluck,Mary,“Interpreting Primitivism,Mass Culture and Modernism:The Making of Wilhelm Worringer’s Abstraction and Empathy”,New German Critique,2000,80(2):149~169.
(3)Clayton,Aaron,“Victory in Nature:An Ecocritical Reading of Joseph Conrad’s Novel”,Conradiana,2010,42(1):123~139.
(4)Kertzer,J.M.,“JosephConrad and The Metaphysics of Time”,Studies in the Novel,1979,11(3):302~317.
(5)Carlson,Patricia A.,ed.,Literature and Lore of the Sea.Amsterdam:Rodopi,1986,p.5.
(6)(7)(8)约瑟夫·康拉德:《阴影线》,赵启光译,中国和平出版社2005年版,第32、33、106页。
(9)彼得·伯克:《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化与社会》,刘君译,东方出版社2007年版,第216页。
(10)Hawthorn,Jeremy,“Artful Dodges in Mental Territory:Self-Deception in Conrad’s Fiction”,Conradiana,2005,37(3):205~231.
(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)约瑟夫·康拉德:《康拉德海洋小说》,薛诗绮等译,上海译文出版社2012年版,第174、183、211、232、203页。
(16)Freud,Sigmund,The Uncanny,trans.David McClintock,London:Penguin Books,2003,pp.141~142.
(17)(18)(19)(20)(28)约瑟夫·康拉德:《黑暗之心·吉姆爷》,黄雨石等译,人民文学出版社2011年版,第39、50、66、92、102页。
(21)Brennan,Matthew C.,The Gothic Psyche.Columbia SC:Camden House,1997,p.15.
(22)Kristeva,Julia,The Powers of Horror,The Portable Kristeva,ed.Kelly Oliver,New York:Columbia UP,1997,p.250.
(23)Ross,Stephen,Conrad and Empire,Columbia:Missouri UP,2004,p.3.
(24)(26)约瑟夫·康拉德:《黑暗的心》,孙礼中等译,解放军文艺出版社2005年版,第180、203页。
(25)Nash,Roderich,Wilderness and the American Mind New Haven:Yale UP,1978,p.2.
(27)丹尼尔·贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,严蓓雯译,人民出版社2010年版,第5页。
(29)(30)约瑟夫·康拉德:《“水仙号”的黑水手》,袁家骅译,上海译文出版社2011年版,第48、70页。
(31)克里斯·弗莱切:《约瑟夫·康拉德》,上海外语教育出版社2009年版,第50~52页。
(32)Dienstag,Joshua F.,“Nietzsche’s Dionysian Pessimism”,The American Political ScienceReview,2001,95(4):923~937.
(2)Gluck,Mary,“Interpreting Primitivism,Mass Culture and Modernism:The Making of Wilhelm Worringer’s Abstraction and Empathy”,New German Critique,2000,80(2):149~169.
(3)Clayton,Aaron,“Victory in Nature:An Ecocritical Reading of Joseph Conrad’s Novel”,Conradiana,2010,42(1):123~139.
(4)Kertzer,J.M.,“JosephConrad and The Metaphysics of Time”,Studies in the Novel,1979,11(3):302~317.
(5)Carlson,Patricia A.,ed.,Literature and Lore of the Sea.Amsterdam:Rodopi,1986,p.5.
(6)(7)(8)约瑟夫·康拉德:《阴影线》,赵启光译,中国和平出版社2005年版,第32、33、106页。
(9)彼得·伯克:《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化与社会》,刘君译,东方出版社2007年版,第216页。
(10)Hawthorn,Jeremy,“Artful Dodges in Mental Territory:Self-Deception in Conrad’s Fiction”,Conradiana,2005,37(3):205~231.
(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)约瑟夫·康拉德:《康拉德海洋小说》,薛诗绮等译,上海译文出版社2012年版,第174、183、211、232、203页。
(16)Freud,Sigmund,The Uncanny,trans.David McClintock,London:Penguin Books,2003,pp.141~142.
(17)(18)(19)(20)(28)约瑟夫·康拉德:《黑暗之心·吉姆爷》,黄雨石等译,人民文学出版社2011年版,第39、50、66、92、102页。
(21)Brennan,Matthew C.,The Gothic Psyche.Columbia SC:Camden House,1997,p.15.
(22)Kristeva,Julia,The Powers of Horror,The Portable Kristeva,ed.Kelly Oliver,New York:Columbia UP,1997,p.250.
(23)Ross,Stephen,Conrad and Empire,Columbia:Missouri UP,2004,p.3.
(24)(26)约瑟夫·康拉德:《黑暗的心》,孙礼中等译,解放军文艺出版社2005年版,第180、203页。
(25)Nash,Roderich,Wilderness and the American Mind New Haven:Yale UP,1978,p.2.
(27)丹尼尔·贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,严蓓雯译,人民出版社2010年版,第5页。
(29)(30)约瑟夫·康拉德:《“水仙号”的黑水手》,袁家骅译,上海译文出版社2011年版,第48、70页。
(31)克里斯·弗莱切:《约瑟夫·康拉德》,上海外语教育出版社2009年版,第50~52页。
(32)Dienstag,Joshua F.,“Nietzsche’s Dionysian Pessimism”,The American Political ScienceReview,2001,95(4):923~937.