沃尔曼作品中的回应、面对、正义和移情——后现代他者伦理观
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摘要
威廉·沃尔曼是美国当代最重要的作家之一,以擅长描写边缘人而著称,他的作品常常反映出对"他者"这一后现代伦理核心概念的哲思。本文运用后现代伦理观对其代表作《格洛丽亚的妓女们》、《穷人》和《欧洲中心》中诸多他者形象,以及专著《起伏》的伦理内涵进行了深度分析,揭示了沃尔曼的创作观本质上是以"自我"与"他者"的伦理关联为基础的后现代伦理观。总结其创作手法是运用移情回应他者叙事、面对他者"面容"、书写他者历史以消弭对他者暴力并维护他者正义。本文认为他的作品回归了文学的伦理价值,能引导人们走向善良与和平。沃尔曼的伦理观在后现代伦理碎片化和当今世界多元多极格局下具有极为重要的理论和实践意义。
William Vollmann is one of the most important contemporary writers in America,best known for his description of marginal people. His works often reflect his philosophical thinking about the Other,which is a central concept in postmodern ethics. By applying the view of postmodern ethics,this paper analyzes in depth the various other images in his representative works Whores for Gloria,Poor People and Europe Central as well as the ethical connotations in his treatise Rising up and Rising down,revealing that his concepts of literary creation are in essence postmodern ethics based on the ethical correlation between the Self and the Other. It concludes that his writing techniques are to use empathy to respond to the other narratives,face the other face and write the other histories so as to eliminate violence against the other and maintain the justice to the other. This paper also argues that his works return to the ethical value of literature and can guide people towards kindness and peace. Vollman's ethics are of great theoretical and practical significance under the context of the postmodern fragmentation of ethics and the pluralistic,multi-polar pattern of today's world.
William Vollmann is one of the most important contemporary writers in America,best known for his description of marginal people. His works often reflect his philosophical thinking about the Other,which is a central concept in postmodern ethics. By applying the view of postmodern ethics,this paper analyzes in depth the various other images in his representative works Whores for Gloria,Poor People and Europe Central as well as the ethical connotations in his treatise Rising up and Rising down,revealing that his concepts of literary creation are in essence postmodern ethics based on the ethical correlation between the Self and the Other. It concludes that his writing techniques are to use empathy to respond to the other narratives,face the other face and write the other histories so as to eliminate violence against the other and maintain the justice to the other. This paper also argues that his works return to the ethical value of literature and can guide people towards kindness and peace. Vollman's ethics are of great theoretical and practical significance under the context of the postmodern fragmentation of ethics and the pluralistic,multi-polar pattern of today's world.
引文
[1]Coffman,C.& D.Lukes.2015.William T.Vollmann:A Critical Companion[M].Newark:University of Delaware Press.
[2]Hemmingson,M.2009.William T.Vollmann:A Critical Study and Seven Interviews[M].Jefferson:McFarland & Co.
[3]Levinas,E.1998.(trans.) A.Lingis.Otherwise than Being[M].Pittsburgh:Duquesne University Press.
[4]McCaffery,L.& M.Hemmingson(ed.).2004.Expelled from Eden:A William T.Vollmann Reader[C].New York:Thunders Mouth Press.
[5]Vollmann,W.1987.You Bright and Risen Angels:A Cartoon [M].New York:Atheneum.
[6]Vollmann,W.1991.Whores for Gloria[M].New York:Penguin Books.
[7]Vollmann,W.2004.Rising up and Rising down:Some Thoughts on Violence,Freedom and Urgent Means[M].New York:Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
[8]Vollmann,W.2005.Europe Central[M].New York:Viking Penguin.
[9]柯林·戴维斯.2006.李瑞华译.列维纳斯[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,
[10]玛莎·努斯鲍姆.2010.丁晓东译.诗性正义——文学想象与公共生活[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[11]聂珍钊.2010.文学伦理学批评:基本理论与术语[J].外国文学研究,(1) :12-22.
[12]齐格蒙特·鲍曼.2002.张成岗译.后现代伦理学[M].南京:江苏人民出版社.
[13]所罗门·伏尔科夫.1981.叶琼芳译.季米特里·肖斯塔科维奇回忆录[M].北京:外文出版局《编译参考》编辑部.
[14]威廉·福尔曼.2016.徐丽松译.穷人[M].新北:八旗文化.
[15]伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯.2006.吴蕙仪译.从存在到存在者[M].南京:江苏教育出版社.
[16]伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯.2016.朱刚译.总体和无限:论外在性[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[17]朱立元.2015.后现代主义文学理论思潮论稿(上)[M].上海:上海人民出版社.
①作者姓氏翻译遵从大陆学者通用译文,港台地区学者或有译为威廉·福尔曼。
[2]Hemmingson,M.2009.William T.Vollmann:A Critical Study and Seven Interviews[M].Jefferson:McFarland & Co.
[3]Levinas,E.1998.(trans.) A.Lingis.Otherwise than Being[M].Pittsburgh:Duquesne University Press.
[4]McCaffery,L.& M.Hemmingson(ed.).2004.Expelled from Eden:A William T.Vollmann Reader[C].New York:Thunders Mouth Press.
[5]Vollmann,W.1987.You Bright and Risen Angels:A Cartoon [M].New York:Atheneum.
[6]Vollmann,W.1991.Whores for Gloria[M].New York:Penguin Books.
[7]Vollmann,W.2004.Rising up and Rising down:Some Thoughts on Violence,Freedom and Urgent Means[M].New York:Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
[8]Vollmann,W.2005.Europe Central[M].New York:Viking Penguin.
[9]柯林·戴维斯.2006.李瑞华译.列维纳斯[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,
[10]玛莎·努斯鲍姆.2010.丁晓东译.诗性正义——文学想象与公共生活[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[11]聂珍钊.2010.文学伦理学批评:基本理论与术语[J].外国文学研究,(1) :12-22.
[12]齐格蒙特·鲍曼.2002.张成岗译.后现代伦理学[M].南京:江苏人民出版社.
[13]所罗门·伏尔科夫.1981.叶琼芳译.季米特里·肖斯塔科维奇回忆录[M].北京:外文出版局《编译参考》编辑部.
[14]威廉·福尔曼.2016.徐丽松译.穷人[M].新北:八旗文化.
[15]伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯.2006.吴蕙仪译.从存在到存在者[M].南京:江苏教育出版社.
[16]伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯.2016.朱刚译.总体和无限:论外在性[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[17]朱立元.2015.后现代主义文学理论思潮论稿(上)[M].上海:上海人民出版社.
①作者姓氏翻译遵从大陆学者通用译文,港台地区学者或有译为威廉·福尔曼。