太极拳和广场舞锻炼对女性老年人工作记忆的影响:一项ERP研究
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摘要
目的:研究二十四式杨氏太极拳和广场舞锻炼对老年人工作记忆能力的影响。方法:招募16名健康女性老年人为太极拳试验组,19名健康女性老年人为广场舞试验组,17名健康女性老年人为对照组。太极拳和广场舞干预周期为6个月,每次75 min,每周不少于5次,对照组进行日常活动。在试验开始前后,测试所有被试数字N-back任务并同时记录脑电ERPs,对比不同被试在工作记忆任务中的事件相关电位与记忆能力的差异。结果:6个月的干预后,太极拳组2-back任务正确率、反应时显著提高,广场舞组1-back任务反应时与2-back任务正确率、反应时显著提高,对照组的N-back任务正确率、反应时差异不显著,太极拳组1-back任务正确率高于对照组,广场舞组1-back任务反应时短于对照组与太极拳组,太极拳组与广场舞组2-back任务正确率高于对照组,广场舞组2-back任务反应时短于对照组;6个月的干预前后比较,对照组2-back任务中的Cz、Pz电极P3波幅增加;太极拳组1-back任务中Fz、Cz电极N2波幅增加,1-back任务中Cz电极P3潜伏期减少,2-back任务中,Cz电极N2波幅增加,Pz电极的P3波幅增加;广场舞组1-back任务中,Fz电极的P3波幅增加,Cz电极的P3波幅增加,N2波幅减小,Pz电极P3波幅增加,2-back任务中Fz、Cz电极N2波幅减小,Cz、Pz电极P3波幅增加。结论:太极拳与广场舞锻炼可以改善老年女性的工作记忆能力。在工作记忆的早期匹配、判断过程中,加速刺激的处理,并可在中期分配更多的注意资源,对大脑功能有可塑性的影响。
Objective:To examine the effect of Yang-style 24-form Tai Chi and square dance exercise on the working memory ability of the elderly. Methods:16 healthy female elderly were recruited into the Tai Chi experimental group,19 healthy female elderly were the square dance experimental group,and 17 healthy female elderly were the control group. The Tai Chi and square dance intervention period is 6 months,75 minutes each time,not less than 5 times a week,and the control group conducts daily activities. All subjects were tested for digital N-back tasks before and after the experiment and ERPs were recorded simultaneously,and compared and analyzed the difference of event-related potentials and memory ability in the working memory task. Results:Behavioral data showed that after 6 months of intervention,the correct rate and response time of the 2-back task in the Tai Chi group were significantly improved,the response time of the 1-back task and the accuracy and reaction time of 2-back task of the square dance group were improved. The N-back task accuracy rate and reaction time difference of the control group were not significant. The control group had no difference in N-back task accuracy and response time. The 1-back task response of the square dance group was shorter than that of the control group and the Tai Chi group. The correct rate of the 2-back task of the Tai Chi group and the square dance group was higher than that of the control group. The square dance group 2-back task response time was shorter than the control group. ERP results before and after 6 months of intervention:the P3 amplitude of Cz and Pz electrodes in the 2-back task of the control group increased. The N2 amplitude of Fz and Cz electrodes increased of Tai Chi group,the P3 latency of Cz electrode decreased in 1-back task. In the 2-back task,the N2 amplitude of the Cz electrode increases,the P3 amplitude increases. The P3 amplitude of the Fz electrode in the 1-back task of the square dance group increased,the P3 amplitude of the Cz electrode increased,the N2 amplitude decreased,and the P3 amplitude of the Pz electrode increased. In the 2-back task,the N2 amplitude of the Fz and Cz electrodes decreases,the P3 amplitude of the Cz and Pz electrodes increases. Conclusions:The Tai Chi and square dance exercise can improve the working memory ability of older women. In the early matching and judgment process of working memory,accelerate the treatment of stimulation,and allocate more attention resourcesin the medium term,and have a plasticity effecton brain function.
Objective:To examine the effect of Yang-style 24-form Tai Chi and square dance exercise on the working memory ability of the elderly. Methods:16 healthy female elderly were recruited into the Tai Chi experimental group,19 healthy female elderly were the square dance experimental group,and 17 healthy female elderly were the control group. The Tai Chi and square dance intervention period is 6 months,75 minutes each time,not less than 5 times a week,and the control group conducts daily activities. All subjects were tested for digital N-back tasks before and after the experiment and ERPs were recorded simultaneously,and compared and analyzed the difference of event-related potentials and memory ability in the working memory task. Results:Behavioral data showed that after 6 months of intervention,the correct rate and response time of the 2-back task in the Tai Chi group were significantly improved,the response time of the 1-back task and the accuracy and reaction time of 2-back task of the square dance group were improved. The N-back task accuracy rate and reaction time difference of the control group were not significant. The control group had no difference in N-back task accuracy and response time. The 1-back task response of the square dance group was shorter than that of the control group and the Tai Chi group. The correct rate of the 2-back task of the Tai Chi group and the square dance group was higher than that of the control group. The square dance group 2-back task response time was shorter than the control group. ERP results before and after 6 months of intervention:the P3 amplitude of Cz and Pz electrodes in the 2-back task of the control group increased. The N2 amplitude of Fz and Cz electrodes increased of Tai Chi group,the P3 latency of Cz electrode decreased in 1-back task. In the 2-back task,the N2 amplitude of the Cz electrode increases,the P3 amplitude increases. The P3 amplitude of the Fz electrode in the 1-back task of the square dance group increased,the P3 amplitude of the Cz electrode increased,the N2 amplitude decreased,and the P3 amplitude of the Pz electrode increased. In the 2-back task,the N2 amplitude of the Fz and Cz electrodes decreases,the P3 amplitude of the Cz and Pz electrodes increases. Conclusions:The Tai Chi and square dance exercise can improve the working memory ability of older women. In the early matching and judgment process of working memory,accelerate the treatment of stimulation,and allocate more attention resourcesin the medium term,and have a plasticity effecton brain function.
引文
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[3] COLCOMBE S,KRAMER A F.Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults:a meta-analytic study[J].Psychological science,2003,14(2):125-130.
[4] MILLER G A,GALANTER E,PRIBRAM K H.Plans and the structure of behavior[J].American Journal of Psychology,1961,19(75):338-340.
[5] BADDELEY A.Working memory:looking back and looking forward[J].Nature reviews neuroscience,2003,4(10):829-839.
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[7] RYPMA B,D’ESPOSITO M.The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory:effects of memory load and individual differences[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(11):6558-6563.
[8] KIRCHNER W K.Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information[J].Journal of experimental psychology,1958,55(4):352.
[9] BASAK C,VERHAEGHEN P.Aging and switching the focus of attention in working memory:age differences in item availability but not in item accessibility[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2011,66(5):519-526.
[10] DAFFNER K R,CHONG H,SUN X,et al. Mechanisms underlying age-and performance-related differences in working memory[J].Journal of cognitive neuroscience,2011,23(6):1298-1314.
[11] PONTIFEX M B,HILLMAN C H,FERNHALL B O,et al. The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2009,41(4):927-934.
[12] HSIEH S S,FUNG D,TSAI H,et al.Differences in working memory as a function of physical activity in children[J].Neuropsychology,2018,32(7):797-808.
[13] WINNEKE A H,RAFFINGTON L,GODDE B,et al. Relationship between cardiovascular fitness,working memory and p300[J].PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY,2013,50:S52-S52.
[14] TSAI C L,PAN C Y,CHEN F C,et al. Open-and closed-skill exercise interventions produce different neurocognitive effects on executive functions in the elderly:a 6-month randomized,controlled trial[J].Frontiers in aging neuroscience,2017,9:294.
[15] FABEL K,WOLF S,EHNINGER D,et al. Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice[J].Frontiers in neuroscience,2009,3:1-7.
[16] TADDEI F,BULTRINI A,SPINELLI D,et al.Neural correlates of attentional and executive processing in middle-age fencers[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2012,44(6):1057-1066.
[17]张新安,倪晓梅,刘峰.广场舞蹈运动对老年人认知功能及情绪影响的研究[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(28):4-5.
[18] ZHANG X,NI X,CHEN P. Study about the effects of different fitness sports on cognitive function and emotion of the aged[J].Cell biochemistry and biophysics,2014,70(3):1591-1596.
[19] YERLIKAYA D,EMEK-SAVA?D D,KUR?UN B B,et al.Electrophysiological and neuropsychological outcomes of severe obstructive sleep apnea:effects of hypoxemia on cognitive performance[J].Cognitive Neurodynamics,2018,12(5):471-480.
[20] HUDAC C M,CORTESA C S,LEDWIDGE P S,et al.History of concussion impacts electrophysiological correlates of working memory[J].International journal of psychophysiology,2018,132:135-144.
[21] UNSWORTH N,ENGLE R W.Speed and accuracy of accessing information in working memory:An individual differences investigation of focus switching[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,2008,34(3):616-630.
[22] UNSWORTH N,REDICK T S,HEITZ R P,et al.Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition:A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage[J].Memory,2009,17(6):635-654.
[23]赵鑫,周仁来.工作记忆刷新功能的可塑性[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(10):1521-1531.
[24] BADDELEY A.Working memory[J].Current Biology,2010,20(4):136-140.
[25] GAJEWSKI P D,FALKENSTEIN M.Age-Related Effects on ERP and Oscillatory EEG-Dynamics in a 2-Back Task[J].Journal of Psychophysiology,2014,28(3):162–177.
[26] KAWAGOE T,SEKIYAMA K.Visually encoded working memory is closely associated with mobility in older adults[J].Experimental brain research,2014,232(6):2035-2043.
[27] SILVA-ZEMANATE M A,PéREZ-SOLARTE S L,FERNáNDEZCERóN M I,et al.Effects of an Exercise Program with Tai Chi in Older Women[J].Revista Ciencias de la Salud,2014,12(3):353-369.
[28] REID-ARNDT S A,MATSUDA S,COX C R.Tai Chi effects on neuropsychological,emotional,and physical functioning following cancer treatment:a pilot study[J].Complementary therapies in clinical practice,2012,18(1):26-30.
[29] LARKEY L K,ROE D J,SMITH L,et al. Exploratory outcome assessment of Qigong/Tai Chi Easy on breast cancer survivors[J].Complementary therapies in medicine,2016,29:196-203.
[30]张新安,倪晓梅,刘峰.广场舞蹈运动对老年人认知功能及情绪影响的研究[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(28):4-5.
[31]贾新建.广场舞对提高老年女性认知功能障碍患者药物治疗的作用[J].中国老年学杂志,2017,37(16):4071-4072.
[32] SHAHAR N,PEREG M,TEODORESCU A R,et al.Formation of abstract task representations:Exploring dosage and mechanisms of working memory training effects[J].Cognition,2018,181:151-159.
[33] FOLSTEIN J R,VAN PETTEN C.Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP:a review[J].Psychophysiology,2008,45(1):152-170.
[34] WIENKE A S,BASAR-EROGLU C,SCHMIEDT-FEHR C,et al.Novelty N2-P3a complex and theta oscillations reflect improving neural coordination within frontal brain networks during adolescence[J].Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,2018,12:218.
[35] ZHOU S,DESPRéS O,PEBAYLE T,et al.Age-related decline in cognitive pain modulation induced by distraction:Evidence from event-related potentials[J].The Journal of Pain,2015,16(9):862-872.
[36] WILLEMSSEN R,FALKENSTEIN M,SCHWARZ M,et al. Effects of aging,Parkinson's disease,and dopaminergic medication on response selection and control[J].Neurobiology of aging,2011,32(2):327-335.
[37] BESTE C,WILLEMSSEN R,SAFT C,et al. Error processing in normal aging and in basal ganglia disorders[J].Neuroscience,2009,159(1):143-149.
[38] MATHEWSON K J,DYWAN J,SNYDER P J,et al. Aging and electrocortical response to error feedback during a spatial learning task[J].Psychophysiology,2008,45(6):936-948.
[39] BIEDERMANN B,DE LISSA P,MAHAJAN Y,et al. Meditation and auditory attention:An ERP study of meditators and non-meditators[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2016,109:63-70.
[40] KROPOTOV J,PONOMAREV V,TERESHCHENKO E P,et al. Effect of aging on ERP components of cognitive control[J].Frontiers in aging neuroscience,2016,8:69.
[41] BANICH M T.Neuropsychology:The neural bases of mental function[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin College Division,1997.
[42]张卫东.扣带皮层的生理心理机能[J].心理科学,2000(06):720-724.
[43]杨桂芬,张云亭,张权,等.前额叶皮层在数字工作记忆维持中的作用:事件相关fMRI研究[J].实用放射学杂志,2007(12):1588-1591.
[44] VAN VEEN V,CARTER C S. The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor:fMRI and ERP studies[J].Physiology&behavior,2002,77(4-5):477-482.
[45] POLICH J.Updating P300:an integrative theory of P3a and P3b[J].Clinical neurophysiology,2007,118(10):2128-2148.
[46] COLCOMBE S J,KRAMER A F,ERICKSON K I,et al. Cardiovascular fitness,cortical plasticity,and aging[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2004,101(9):3316-3321.
[47] NEUHAUS A H,TREMPLER N R,HAHN E,et al.Evidence of specificity of a visual P3 amplitude modulation deficit in schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia research,2010,124(1-3):119-126.
[48] NEUHAUS A H,URBANEK C,OPGEN-RHEIN C,e al.Event-related potentials associated with Attention Network Test[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2010,76(2):72-79.
[2] BHERER L.Cognitive plasticity in older adults:effects of cognitive training and physical exercise[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2015,1337(1):1-6.
[3] COLCOMBE S,KRAMER A F.Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults:a meta-analytic study[J].Psychological science,2003,14(2):125-130.
[4] MILLER G A,GALANTER E,PRIBRAM K H.Plans and the structure of behavior[J].American Journal of Psychology,1961,19(75):338-340.
[5] BADDELEY A.Working memory:looking back and looking forward[J].Nature reviews neuroscience,2003,4(10):829-839.
[6] KLINGBERG T.Training and plasticity of working memory[J].Trends in cognitive sciences,2010,14(7):317-324.
[7] RYPMA B,D’ESPOSITO M.The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory:effects of memory load and individual differences[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(11):6558-6563.
[8] KIRCHNER W K.Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information[J].Journal of experimental psychology,1958,55(4):352.
[9] BASAK C,VERHAEGHEN P.Aging and switching the focus of attention in working memory:age differences in item availability but not in item accessibility[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2011,66(5):519-526.
[10] DAFFNER K R,CHONG H,SUN X,et al. Mechanisms underlying age-and performance-related differences in working memory[J].Journal of cognitive neuroscience,2011,23(6):1298-1314.
[11] PONTIFEX M B,HILLMAN C H,FERNHALL B O,et al. The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2009,41(4):927-934.
[12] HSIEH S S,FUNG D,TSAI H,et al.Differences in working memory as a function of physical activity in children[J].Neuropsychology,2018,32(7):797-808.
[13] WINNEKE A H,RAFFINGTON L,GODDE B,et al. Relationship between cardiovascular fitness,working memory and p300[J].PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY,2013,50:S52-S52.
[14] TSAI C L,PAN C Y,CHEN F C,et al. Open-and closed-skill exercise interventions produce different neurocognitive effects on executive functions in the elderly:a 6-month randomized,controlled trial[J].Frontiers in aging neuroscience,2017,9:294.
[15] FABEL K,WOLF S,EHNINGER D,et al. Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice[J].Frontiers in neuroscience,2009,3:1-7.
[16] TADDEI F,BULTRINI A,SPINELLI D,et al.Neural correlates of attentional and executive processing in middle-age fencers[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2012,44(6):1057-1066.
[17]张新安,倪晓梅,刘峰.广场舞蹈运动对老年人认知功能及情绪影响的研究[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(28):4-5.
[18] ZHANG X,NI X,CHEN P. Study about the effects of different fitness sports on cognitive function and emotion of the aged[J].Cell biochemistry and biophysics,2014,70(3):1591-1596.
[19] YERLIKAYA D,EMEK-SAVA?D D,KUR?UN B B,et al.Electrophysiological and neuropsychological outcomes of severe obstructive sleep apnea:effects of hypoxemia on cognitive performance[J].Cognitive Neurodynamics,2018,12(5):471-480.
[20] HUDAC C M,CORTESA C S,LEDWIDGE P S,et al.History of concussion impacts electrophysiological correlates of working memory[J].International journal of psychophysiology,2018,132:135-144.
[21] UNSWORTH N,ENGLE R W.Speed and accuracy of accessing information in working memory:An individual differences investigation of focus switching[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,2008,34(3):616-630.
[22] UNSWORTH N,REDICK T S,HEITZ R P,et al.Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition:A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage[J].Memory,2009,17(6):635-654.
[23]赵鑫,周仁来.工作记忆刷新功能的可塑性[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(10):1521-1531.
[24] BADDELEY A.Working memory[J].Current Biology,2010,20(4):136-140.
[25] GAJEWSKI P D,FALKENSTEIN M.Age-Related Effects on ERP and Oscillatory EEG-Dynamics in a 2-Back Task[J].Journal of Psychophysiology,2014,28(3):162–177.
[26] KAWAGOE T,SEKIYAMA K.Visually encoded working memory is closely associated with mobility in older adults[J].Experimental brain research,2014,232(6):2035-2043.
[27] SILVA-ZEMANATE M A,PéREZ-SOLARTE S L,FERNáNDEZCERóN M I,et al.Effects of an Exercise Program with Tai Chi in Older Women[J].Revista Ciencias de la Salud,2014,12(3):353-369.
[28] REID-ARNDT S A,MATSUDA S,COX C R.Tai Chi effects on neuropsychological,emotional,and physical functioning following cancer treatment:a pilot study[J].Complementary therapies in clinical practice,2012,18(1):26-30.
[29] LARKEY L K,ROE D J,SMITH L,et al. Exploratory outcome assessment of Qigong/Tai Chi Easy on breast cancer survivors[J].Complementary therapies in medicine,2016,29:196-203.
[30]张新安,倪晓梅,刘峰.广场舞蹈运动对老年人认知功能及情绪影响的研究[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(28):4-5.
[31]贾新建.广场舞对提高老年女性认知功能障碍患者药物治疗的作用[J].中国老年学杂志,2017,37(16):4071-4072.
[32] SHAHAR N,PEREG M,TEODORESCU A R,et al.Formation of abstract task representations:Exploring dosage and mechanisms of working memory training effects[J].Cognition,2018,181:151-159.
[33] FOLSTEIN J R,VAN PETTEN C.Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP:a review[J].Psychophysiology,2008,45(1):152-170.
[34] WIENKE A S,BASAR-EROGLU C,SCHMIEDT-FEHR C,et al.Novelty N2-P3a complex and theta oscillations reflect improving neural coordination within frontal brain networks during adolescence[J].Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,2018,12:218.
[35] ZHOU S,DESPRéS O,PEBAYLE T,et al.Age-related decline in cognitive pain modulation induced by distraction:Evidence from event-related potentials[J].The Journal of Pain,2015,16(9):862-872.
[36] WILLEMSSEN R,FALKENSTEIN M,SCHWARZ M,et al. Effects of aging,Parkinson's disease,and dopaminergic medication on response selection and control[J].Neurobiology of aging,2011,32(2):327-335.
[37] BESTE C,WILLEMSSEN R,SAFT C,et al. Error processing in normal aging and in basal ganglia disorders[J].Neuroscience,2009,159(1):143-149.
[38] MATHEWSON K J,DYWAN J,SNYDER P J,et al. Aging and electrocortical response to error feedback during a spatial learning task[J].Psychophysiology,2008,45(6):936-948.
[39] BIEDERMANN B,DE LISSA P,MAHAJAN Y,et al. Meditation and auditory attention:An ERP study of meditators and non-meditators[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2016,109:63-70.
[40] KROPOTOV J,PONOMAREV V,TERESHCHENKO E P,et al. Effect of aging on ERP components of cognitive control[J].Frontiers in aging neuroscience,2016,8:69.
[41] BANICH M T.Neuropsychology:The neural bases of mental function[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin College Division,1997.
[42]张卫东.扣带皮层的生理心理机能[J].心理科学,2000(06):720-724.
[43]杨桂芬,张云亭,张权,等.前额叶皮层在数字工作记忆维持中的作用:事件相关fMRI研究[J].实用放射学杂志,2007(12):1588-1591.
[44] VAN VEEN V,CARTER C S. The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor:fMRI and ERP studies[J].Physiology&behavior,2002,77(4-5):477-482.
[45] POLICH J.Updating P300:an integrative theory of P3a and P3b[J].Clinical neurophysiology,2007,118(10):2128-2148.
[46] COLCOMBE S J,KRAMER A F,ERICKSON K I,et al. Cardiovascular fitness,cortical plasticity,and aging[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2004,101(9):3316-3321.
[47] NEUHAUS A H,TREMPLER N R,HAHN E,et al.Evidence of specificity of a visual P3 amplitude modulation deficit in schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia research,2010,124(1-3):119-126.
[48] NEUHAUS A H,URBANEK C,OPGEN-RHEIN C,e al.Event-related potentials associated with Attention Network Test[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2010,76(2):72-79.