铁磁异质结构中的超快自旋流调制实现相干太赫兹辐射
|
摘要
利用飞秒激光脉冲在生长于二氧化硅衬底上的W/CoFeB/Pt和Ta/CoFeB/Pt两类铁磁/非磁性金属异质结构中实现高效、宽带的相干THz脉冲辐射.实验中, THz脉冲的相位随外加磁场的反转而反转,表明THz辐射与样品的磁有序密切相关.为了考察三层膜结构THz辐射的物理机制,分别研究了构成三层膜结构的双层异质结构(包括CoFeB/W, CoFeB/Pt和CoFeB/Ta)的THz辐射.实验结果都与逆自旋霍尔效应相符合, W/CoFeB/Pt和Ta/CoFeB/Pt三层膜结构所辐射的THz强度优于同等激发功率下的ZnTe (厚度0.5 mm)晶体.此外,还研究了两款异质结构和ZnTe的THz辐射强度与激发光脉冲能量密度的关系,发现Ta/CoFeB/Pt的饱和能量密度略大于W/CoFeB/Pt的饱和能量密度,表明自旋电子在Ta/CoFeB/Pt中的界面积累效应相对较小.
The development of efficient terahertz(THz) radiation sources is driven by the scientific and technological applications. To date, as far as the radiation of THz pulses is concerned, the widely used methods are biased semiconductor,electro-optical crystal and air plasma, which are excited separately by femtosecond laser pulses. The mechanisms involved in these THz sources are photo-carrier acceleration, second order nonlinear effect, and plasma oscillations, respectively. Here, we report the generation of coherent THz radiation in the designed ferromagnetic/non-magnetic metallic W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt trilayers on SiO_2 substrates, excited separately by ultrafast laser pulses. The transient THz electric field is fully inverted when the magnetization is reversed, which indicates a strong connection between THz radiation and spin order of the sample. We present the THz radiation results of the bilayers, CoFeB/W, CoFeB/Pt and CoFeB/Ta, which are comprised of the trilayer heterostructures used in our experiments. We find that all experimental results are in good agreement with the results from the inversed spin-Hall effect(ISHE) mechanism. Owing to the ISHE,the transient spin current converts into a transient transverse charge current, which launches the THz electromagnetic wave. In our experiments, W or Ta has an opposite spin Hall angle to Pt. Therefore, the amplitude of the THz emission can be increased by a constructive superposition of two charge currents in metallic layers. Our results indicate that the peak-values of the THz radiation covering the 0–2.5 THz range from W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt are stronger than that from 0.5 mm thick ZnTe(110) crystal, under very similar excitation conditions. Finally, we investigate the dependence of peak-to-peak values for two different heterostructures on the pump fluence. The saturations of THz pulse at pump fluences of ～0.47 m J/cm~2 and ～0.61 mJ/cm~2 are found for W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt heterostructures,respectively. The saturation can be generally attributed to the spin accumulation effect and laser-induced thermal effect.Our results indicate that the spin accumulation effect, by which the density of spin-polarized electrons is restricted in a non-magnetic metallic layer, is slightly less pronounced for Ta/CoFeB/Pt system at high fluences. Our findings provide a new pathway for fabricating the spintronic THz emitter, which is comparable to the conventional nonlinear optical crystals.
The development of efficient terahertz(THz) radiation sources is driven by the scientific and technological applications. To date, as far as the radiation of THz pulses is concerned, the widely used methods are biased semiconductor,electro-optical crystal and air plasma, which are excited separately by femtosecond laser pulses. The mechanisms involved in these THz sources are photo-carrier acceleration, second order nonlinear effect, and plasma oscillations, respectively. Here, we report the generation of coherent THz radiation in the designed ferromagnetic/non-magnetic metallic W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt trilayers on SiO_2 substrates, excited separately by ultrafast laser pulses. The transient THz electric field is fully inverted when the magnetization is reversed, which indicates a strong connection between THz radiation and spin order of the sample. We present the THz radiation results of the bilayers, CoFeB/W, CoFeB/Pt and CoFeB/Ta, which are comprised of the trilayer heterostructures used in our experiments. We find that all experimental results are in good agreement with the results from the inversed spin-Hall effect(ISHE) mechanism. Owing to the ISHE,the transient spin current converts into a transient transverse charge current, which launches the THz electromagnetic wave. In our experiments, W or Ta has an opposite spin Hall angle to Pt. Therefore, the amplitude of the THz emission can be increased by a constructive superposition of two charge currents in metallic layers. Our results indicate that the peak-values of the THz radiation covering the 0–2.5 THz range from W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt are stronger than that from 0.5 mm thick ZnTe(110) crystal, under very similar excitation conditions. Finally, we investigate the dependence of peak-to-peak values for two different heterostructures on the pump fluence. The saturations of THz pulse at pump fluences of ～0.47 m J/cm~2 and ～0.61 mJ/cm~2 are found for W/CoFeB/Pt and Ta/CoFeB/Pt heterostructures,respectively. The saturation can be generally attributed to the spin accumulation effect and laser-induced thermal effect.Our results indicate that the spin accumulation effect, by which the density of spin-polarized electrons is restricted in a non-magnetic metallic layer, is slightly less pronounced for Ta/CoFeB/Pt system at high fluences. Our findings provide a new pathway for fabricating the spintronic THz emitter, which is comparable to the conventional nonlinear optical crystals.
引文
[1]Tonouchi M 2007 Nat.Photon.1 97
[2]Ferguson B,Zhang X C 2002 Nat.Mater.1 26
[3]Jin Z,Tkach A,Casper F,Spetter V,Grimm H,Thomas A,Kampfrath T,Bonn M,Kl?ui M,Turchinovich D2015 Nat.Phys.11 761
[4]Ulbricht R,Hendry E,Shan J,Heinz T F,Bonn M 2011Rev.Mod.Phys.83 543
[5]Fischer B M,Walther M,Jepsen P U 2002 Phys.Med.Biol.47 3807
[6]Siegel P H 2004 IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.522438
[7]Zhang R,Li H,Cao J C,Feng S L 2009 Acta Phys.Sin.58 4618(in Chinese)[张戎,黎华,曹俊诚,封松林2009物理学报58 4618]
[8]Jin Z,Mics Z,Ma G,Cheng Z,Bonn M,Turchinovich D 2013 Phys.Rev.B 87 094422
[9]Lewis R A 2014 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.47 374001
[10]Wang W M,Zhang L L,Li Y T,Sheng Z M,Zhang J2018 Acta Phys.Sin.67 124202(in Chinese)[王伟民,张亮亮,李玉同,盛政明,张杰2018物理学报67 124202]
[11]Nahata A,Weling A S,Heinz T F 1996 Appl.Phys.Lett.69 2321
[12]Zhong K,Yao J Q,Xu D G,Zhang H Y,Wang P 2011Acta Phys.Sin.60 034210(in Chinese)[钟凯,姚建铨,徐德刚,张会云,王鹏2011物理学报60 034210]
[13]Matsuura S,Tani M,Sakai K 1997 Appl.Phys.Lett.70559
[14]Shi W,Yan Z J 2015 Acta Phys.Sin.64 228702(in Chinese)[施卫,闫志巾2015物理学报64 228702]
[15]Beaurepaire E,Turner G M,Harrel S M,Beard M C,Bigot J Y,Schmuttenmaer C A 2004 Appl.Phys.Lett.84 3465
[16]Hilton D J,Averitt R D,Meserole C A,Fisher G L,Funk D J,Thompson J D,Taylor A J 2004 Opt.Lett.29 1805
[17]Shen J,Fan X,Chen Z,de Camp M F,Zhang H,Xiao J Q 2012 Appl.Phys.Lett.101 072401
[18]Nishant K,Hendrikx R W,Adam A J,Planken P C 2015Opt.Express 23 14252
[19]Gorelov S D,Mashkovich E A,Tsarev M V,Bakunov MI 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 220411
[20]Mikhaylovskiy R V,Hendry E,Kruglyak V V,Pisarev R V,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90 184405
[21]Mikhaylovskiy R V,Hendry E,Secchi A,Mentink J H,Eckstein M,Wu A,Pisarev R V,Kruglyak V V,Katsnelson M I,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2015 Nature Commun.68190
[22]Kampfrath T,Battiato M,Maldonado P,Eilers G,Notzold J,Mahrlein S,Zbarsky V,Freimuth F,Mokrousov Y,Blugel S,Wolf M,Radu I,Oppeneer P M,Munzenberg M 2013 Nature Nanotech.8 256
[23]Wu Y,Elyasi M,Qiu X,Chen M,Liu Y,Ke L,Yang H2017 Adv.Mater.29 1603031
[24]Yang D,Liang J,Zhou C,Sun L,Zheng R,Luo S,Wu Y,Qi J 2016 Adv.Opt.Mater.4 1944
[25]Qiu H S,Kato K,Hirota K,Sarukura N,Yoshimura M,Nakajima M 2018 Opt.Express 26 15247
[26]Seifert T,Jaiswal S,Martens U,Hannegan J,Braun L,Maldonado P,Freimuth F,Kronenberg A,Henrizi J,Radu I,Beaurepaire E,Mokrousov Y,Oppeneer P M,Jourdan M,Jakob G,Turchinovich D,Hayden L M,Wolf M,Münzenberg M,Kl?ui M,Kampfrath T 2016 Nature Photon.10 483
[27]Seifert T,Jaiswal S,Sajadi M,Jakob G,Winnerl S,Wolf M,Kl?ui M,Kampfrath T 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.110252402
[28]Seifert T,Martens U,Günther S,Schoen M A W,Radu F,Chen X Z,Lucas I,Ramos R,Aguirre M H,Algarabel P A,Anadón A,K?rner H S,Walowski J,Back C,Ibarra M R,Morellón L,Saitoh E,Wolf M,Song C,Uchida K,Münzenberg M,Radu I,Kampfrath T 2017Spin 7 1740010
[29]Torosyan G,Keller S,Scheuer L,Beigang R,Papaioannou E T 2018 Sci.Rep.8 1311
[30]Sasaki Y,Suzuki K Z,Mizukami S 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.111 102401
[31]Battiato M,Carva K,Oppeneer P M 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.105 027203
[32]Eschenlohr A,Battiato M,Maldonad P,Pontius N,Kachel T,Holldack K,Mitzner R,F?hlisch A,Oppeneer P M,Stamm C 2013 Nat.Mater.12 332
[33]Melnikov A,Razdolski I,Wehling T O,Papaioannou ET,Roddatis V,Fumagalli P,Aktsipetrov O,Lichtenstein A I,Bovensiepen U 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.107 076601
[34]Rudolf D,Chan L O,Battiato M,Adam R,Shaw J M,Turgut E,Maldonado P,Mathias S,Grychtol P,Nembach H T,Silva T J,Aeschlimann M,Kapteyn H C,Murnane M M,Schneider C M,Oppeneer P M 2012Nature Commun.3 1037
[35]Cramer J,Seifert T,Kronenberg A,Fuhrmann F,Jakob G,Jourdan M,Kampfrath T,Kl?ui M 2018 Nano Lett.18 1064
[36]Zhang S,Jin Z,Zhu Z,Zhu W,Zhang Z,Ma G,Yao J2018 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.51 034001
[37]Hao Q,Xiao G 2015 Phys.Rev.Appl.3 034009
[38]Tanaka T,Kontani H,Naito M,Naito T,Hirashima DS,Yamada K,Inoue J 2008 Phys.Rev.B 77 165117
[39]Huisman T J,Mikhaylovskiy R V,Costa J D,Freimuth F,Paz E,Ventura J,Freitas P P,Blugel S,Mokrousov Y,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2016 Nat.Nanotechnol.11 455
[40]Huisman T J,Rasing T 2017 J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.86011009
[41]Wang X M,Zhao Y,Wang X M,Jiang T,Shen C L,Li W H,Peng L P,Yan D W,Zhan Z Q,Deng Q H,Wu W D,Tang Y J 2015 Mater.Lett.153 81
[42]Li Y,Wang X,Xiong Z,Cao L,Chen J,Wang X,Shen C,Peng L,Zhao Y,Li W,Deng Q,Wang J,Yu J,Yin H,Wu W 2016 J.Alloy.Compd.686 841
[43]Kinoshita Y,Kida N,Sotome M,Miyamoto T,Iguchi Y,Onose Y,Okamoto H 2016 ACS Photon.3 1170
[44]Zhang S,Jin Z,Liu X,Zhao W,Lin X,Jing C,Ma G2017 Opt.Lett.42 3080
[45]Barnes M E,Berry S A,Gow P,McBryde D,Daniell GJ,Beere H E,Ritchie D A,Apostolopoulos V 2013 Opt.Express 21 16263
[2]Ferguson B,Zhang X C 2002 Nat.Mater.1 26
[3]Jin Z,Tkach A,Casper F,Spetter V,Grimm H,Thomas A,Kampfrath T,Bonn M,Kl?ui M,Turchinovich D2015 Nat.Phys.11 761
[4]Ulbricht R,Hendry E,Shan J,Heinz T F,Bonn M 2011Rev.Mod.Phys.83 543
[5]Fischer B M,Walther M,Jepsen P U 2002 Phys.Med.Biol.47 3807
[6]Siegel P H 2004 IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.522438
[7]Zhang R,Li H,Cao J C,Feng S L 2009 Acta Phys.Sin.58 4618(in Chinese)[张戎,黎华,曹俊诚,封松林2009物理学报58 4618]
[8]Jin Z,Mics Z,Ma G,Cheng Z,Bonn M,Turchinovich D 2013 Phys.Rev.B 87 094422
[9]Lewis R A 2014 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.47 374001
[10]Wang W M,Zhang L L,Li Y T,Sheng Z M,Zhang J2018 Acta Phys.Sin.67 124202(in Chinese)[王伟民,张亮亮,李玉同,盛政明,张杰2018物理学报67 124202]
[11]Nahata A,Weling A S,Heinz T F 1996 Appl.Phys.Lett.69 2321
[12]Zhong K,Yao J Q,Xu D G,Zhang H Y,Wang P 2011Acta Phys.Sin.60 034210(in Chinese)[钟凯,姚建铨,徐德刚,张会云,王鹏2011物理学报60 034210]
[13]Matsuura S,Tani M,Sakai K 1997 Appl.Phys.Lett.70559
[14]Shi W,Yan Z J 2015 Acta Phys.Sin.64 228702(in Chinese)[施卫,闫志巾2015物理学报64 228702]
[15]Beaurepaire E,Turner G M,Harrel S M,Beard M C,Bigot J Y,Schmuttenmaer C A 2004 Appl.Phys.Lett.84 3465
[16]Hilton D J,Averitt R D,Meserole C A,Fisher G L,Funk D J,Thompson J D,Taylor A J 2004 Opt.Lett.29 1805
[17]Shen J,Fan X,Chen Z,de Camp M F,Zhang H,Xiao J Q 2012 Appl.Phys.Lett.101 072401
[18]Nishant K,Hendrikx R W,Adam A J,Planken P C 2015Opt.Express 23 14252
[19]Gorelov S D,Mashkovich E A,Tsarev M V,Bakunov MI 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 220411
[20]Mikhaylovskiy R V,Hendry E,Kruglyak V V,Pisarev R V,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90 184405
[21]Mikhaylovskiy R V,Hendry E,Secchi A,Mentink J H,Eckstein M,Wu A,Pisarev R V,Kruglyak V V,Katsnelson M I,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2015 Nature Commun.68190
[22]Kampfrath T,Battiato M,Maldonado P,Eilers G,Notzold J,Mahrlein S,Zbarsky V,Freimuth F,Mokrousov Y,Blugel S,Wolf M,Radu I,Oppeneer P M,Munzenberg M 2013 Nature Nanotech.8 256
[23]Wu Y,Elyasi M,Qiu X,Chen M,Liu Y,Ke L,Yang H2017 Adv.Mater.29 1603031
[24]Yang D,Liang J,Zhou C,Sun L,Zheng R,Luo S,Wu Y,Qi J 2016 Adv.Opt.Mater.4 1944
[25]Qiu H S,Kato K,Hirota K,Sarukura N,Yoshimura M,Nakajima M 2018 Opt.Express 26 15247
[26]Seifert T,Jaiswal S,Martens U,Hannegan J,Braun L,Maldonado P,Freimuth F,Kronenberg A,Henrizi J,Radu I,Beaurepaire E,Mokrousov Y,Oppeneer P M,Jourdan M,Jakob G,Turchinovich D,Hayden L M,Wolf M,Münzenberg M,Kl?ui M,Kampfrath T 2016 Nature Photon.10 483
[27]Seifert T,Jaiswal S,Sajadi M,Jakob G,Winnerl S,Wolf M,Kl?ui M,Kampfrath T 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.110252402
[28]Seifert T,Martens U,Günther S,Schoen M A W,Radu F,Chen X Z,Lucas I,Ramos R,Aguirre M H,Algarabel P A,Anadón A,K?rner H S,Walowski J,Back C,Ibarra M R,Morellón L,Saitoh E,Wolf M,Song C,Uchida K,Münzenberg M,Radu I,Kampfrath T 2017Spin 7 1740010
[29]Torosyan G,Keller S,Scheuer L,Beigang R,Papaioannou E T 2018 Sci.Rep.8 1311
[30]Sasaki Y,Suzuki K Z,Mizukami S 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.111 102401
[31]Battiato M,Carva K,Oppeneer P M 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.105 027203
[32]Eschenlohr A,Battiato M,Maldonad P,Pontius N,Kachel T,Holldack K,Mitzner R,F?hlisch A,Oppeneer P M,Stamm C 2013 Nat.Mater.12 332
[33]Melnikov A,Razdolski I,Wehling T O,Papaioannou ET,Roddatis V,Fumagalli P,Aktsipetrov O,Lichtenstein A I,Bovensiepen U 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.107 076601
[34]Rudolf D,Chan L O,Battiato M,Adam R,Shaw J M,Turgut E,Maldonado P,Mathias S,Grychtol P,Nembach H T,Silva T J,Aeschlimann M,Kapteyn H C,Murnane M M,Schneider C M,Oppeneer P M 2012Nature Commun.3 1037
[35]Cramer J,Seifert T,Kronenberg A,Fuhrmann F,Jakob G,Jourdan M,Kampfrath T,Kl?ui M 2018 Nano Lett.18 1064
[36]Zhang S,Jin Z,Zhu Z,Zhu W,Zhang Z,Ma G,Yao J2018 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.51 034001
[37]Hao Q,Xiao G 2015 Phys.Rev.Appl.3 034009
[38]Tanaka T,Kontani H,Naito M,Naito T,Hirashima DS,Yamada K,Inoue J 2008 Phys.Rev.B 77 165117
[39]Huisman T J,Mikhaylovskiy R V,Costa J D,Freimuth F,Paz E,Ventura J,Freitas P P,Blugel S,Mokrousov Y,Rasing T,Kimel A V 2016 Nat.Nanotechnol.11 455
[40]Huisman T J,Rasing T 2017 J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.86011009
[41]Wang X M,Zhao Y,Wang X M,Jiang T,Shen C L,Li W H,Peng L P,Yan D W,Zhan Z Q,Deng Q H,Wu W D,Tang Y J 2015 Mater.Lett.153 81
[42]Li Y,Wang X,Xiong Z,Cao L,Chen J,Wang X,Shen C,Peng L,Zhao Y,Li W,Deng Q,Wang J,Yu J,Yin H,Wu W 2016 J.Alloy.Compd.686 841
[43]Kinoshita Y,Kida N,Sotome M,Miyamoto T,Iguchi Y,Onose Y,Okamoto H 2016 ACS Photon.3 1170
[44]Zhang S,Jin Z,Liu X,Zhao W,Lin X,Jing C,Ma G2017 Opt.Lett.42 3080
[45]Barnes M E,Berry S A,Gow P,McBryde D,Daniell GJ,Beere H E,Ritchie D A,Apostolopoulos V 2013 Opt.Express 21 16263