饮用水水垢问题辨析
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摘要
国内饮用开水习惯导致饮用水水垢问题在国内供水企业和用户之间产生了严重分歧,用户尽管不断质疑饮水安全,但普遍不得已只能自行解决。水垢是水中钙镁离子和碱度在烧水过程中共同作用而产生,饮用开水习惯差异使得国内外用户饮水水质和感官不同,国内用户感受到了标准之外的烧开后浊度,饮用开水中包括了钙镁离子和水垢。运用Meta方法分析了国内外425篇水垢健康风险研究成果,流行病学和动物试验的多数结果证明直接饮用钙镁离子有益健康,但关于饮用水垢的健康风险成果不多且不统一,国内膳食结构和营养需求调查表明饮用水是钙镁离子重要补充途径,保证饮用水中钙镁离子不流失和水垢不产生是解决用户质疑水质的适宜方法。结合国内饮水习惯,建议将"沸后浊度"列入国内《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),以提高用户对满足标准饮用水的接受程度。
With regard to the problem of scale caused by domestic drinking boiled water habit,serious disagreement emerged between domestic water supply enterprises and users. Although users were constantly questioning the safety of drinking water,they generally had to solve it by themselves. Scale was the combination of calcium ion,magnesium ion and alkalinity in the water-boiling process. The difference in drinking water habits made the drinking water quality and sensory of domestic and foreign users different. Domestic users felt that the turbidity was high of boiling water included calcium ion,magnesium ion and scale. The Meta method was used to analyze the results of 425 papers about research on scale health risk at home and abroad. That most of the results of epidemiological and animal experiments showed that it was beneficial to health by direct consumption of calcium and magnesium ions,but the achievements of health risks of drinking water scale were few and not uniform. Domestic dietary structure and nutritional needs survey showed that it was an important supplemental route for calcium and magnesium ions by drinking water. It was a suitable method to solve the problem of water quality to seek no losing of calcium and magnesium ions in drinking water and no scale generation. In combination with domestic drinking habits,it is recommended to include the turbidity index of boiling water in the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) to improve the user's acceptance of standard drinking water.
With regard to the problem of scale caused by domestic drinking boiled water habit,serious disagreement emerged between domestic water supply enterprises and users. Although users were constantly questioning the safety of drinking water,they generally had to solve it by themselves. Scale was the combination of calcium ion,magnesium ion and alkalinity in the water-boiling process. The difference in drinking water habits made the drinking water quality and sensory of domestic and foreign users different. Domestic users felt that the turbidity was high of boiling water included calcium ion,magnesium ion and scale. The Meta method was used to analyze the results of 425 papers about research on scale health risk at home and abroad. That most of the results of epidemiological and animal experiments showed that it was beneficial to health by direct consumption of calcium and magnesium ions,but the achievements of health risks of drinking water scale were few and not uniform. Domestic dietary structure and nutritional needs survey showed that it was an important supplemental route for calcium and magnesium ions by drinking water. It was a suitable method to solve the problem of water quality to seek no losing of calcium and magnesium ions in drinking water and no scale generation. In combination with domestic drinking habits,it is recommended to include the turbidity index of boiling water in the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) to improve the user's acceptance of standard drinking water.
引文
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[13]华家,卢金锁,闫涛.酸碱平衡法对地下水暂时硬度的去除试验研究[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(17):39-42.Hua Jia,Lu Jinsuo,Yan Tao.Removal of temporary hardness of groundwater using acid-alkali balance method[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(17):39-42(in Chinese).
[2]王志强,卢金锁,王社平,等.基于酸碱平衡曝气水垢去除工艺的酸量模型[J].给水排水,2018,44(3):42-47.Wang Zhiqiang,Lu Jinsuo,Wang Sheping,et al.An acid quantity model based on acid-alkali balance aeration scale removal process[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,44(3):42-47(in Chinese).
[3]舒为群,黄玉晶,曾惠,等.中国居民饮用水中钙镁及其相关指标适宜保留水平的探讨[J].给水排水,2017,43(10):13-18.Shu Weiqun,Huang Yujing,Zeng Hui,et al.Study on appropriate retention level of calcium and magnesium and related indicators in drinking water of Chinese residents[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2017,43(10):13-18(in Chinese).
[4]Jiang L,He P,Chen J,et al.Magnesium levels in drinking water and coronary heart disease mortality risk:A Meta-analysis[J].Nutrients,2016,8(1):5.
[5]Cheng M,Chiu H,Tsai S,et al.Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water and risk of death from lung cancer in women[J].Magnes Res,2012,25(3):112-119.
[6]Shlezinger M,Amitai Y,Goldenberg I,et al.Desalinated seawater supply and all-cause mortality in hospitalized acute myocardial infarction patients from the acute coronary syndrome Israeli survey 2002-2013[J].Int JCardiol,2016,220:544-550.
[7]Biradar A N,Patil S B,Yadawe M S,et al.Influence of water quality on urolithiasis[J].World J Pharm Res,2014,3(10):483-487.
[8]Sin’kov A V,Volosatova I N,Sin’kova G M,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for nephrolithiasis among young rural residents[J].Urologiia,2017(2):71-75.
[9]郑杰,郭和清,孙斌,等.飞行人员泌尿系结石患病率与水土中钙镁钠浓度相关性分析[J].临床泌尿外科杂志,2012,27(5):370-373.Zheng Jie,Guo Heqing,Sun Bin,et al.Correlation analysis between the prevalence of urinary calculus in flying personnel and the concentration of calcium,magnesium and sodium in soils and water[J].Journal of Clinical Urology,2012,27(5):370-373(in Chinese).
[10]张秀梅.食用井水中金属元素分布对肾结石发病的影响[J].国外医学:医学地理分册,2015,36(4):295-297.Zhang Xiumei.Effect of metal elements distribution in the drinking well water on the occurrence of kidney stones[J].Foreign Medical Sciences:Section of Medgeography,2015,36(4):295-297(in Chinese).
[11]刘文君,王小亻毛,舒为群,等.人体所需必要元素与饮水健康[J].给水排水,2017,43(10):9-12.Liu Wenjun,Wang Xiaomao,Shu Weiqun,et al.Essential elements for human body,human health and drinking water[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2017,43(10):9-12(in Chinese).
[12]舒为群.健康饮水中国人平衡膳食的重要组成[J].给水排水,2018,44(8):1-3.Shu Weiqun.Important composition of Chinese balanced diet in healthy drinking water[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,44(8):1-3(in Chinese).
[13]华家,卢金锁,闫涛.酸碱平衡法对地下水暂时硬度的去除试验研究[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(17):39-42.Hua Jia,Lu Jinsuo,Yan Tao.Removal of temporary hardness of groundwater using acid-alkali balance method[J].China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(17):39-42(in Chinese).