居住地区民族构成对婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知的邻里效应
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摘要
本文主要探究居住在韩国的婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知水平影响因素中居住地区民族构成的效应。居住地区民族构的变化会形成使婚姻移居女性日常生活、社会经济活动、民族及文化认同产生变化的环境。因此,本文假设居住地区民族构成会对差别体验和主观健康认知产生影响。本文设定了两个反映居住地区民族构成的指标,旨在把握婚姻移居女性差别体验及主观健康认知的关系。分析资料采用了《2009年全国多元文化家庭实态调查》元资料,中国朝鲜族、越南以及菲律宾出身的妻子是本次研究的对象。本文同时计算了251个市·郡·区的外国人口以及同民族人口所占比率,所得结果一并投入本次研究中。分析结果发现居住地区的同民族人口越多,婚姻移居女性遭遇差别体验的概率会增加,对自身的健康有持否定认知的倾向。这样的倾向无论夫妻的受教育水平、婚姻移居女性是否就业、是否和公婆同居以及是否居住在大城市,都呈现出一致的结果。居住地区外国人口比重的影响力强度虽然相对较弱,却能弱化婚姻移居女性的差别认知、并促进健康认知的良性发展。这样的邻里效应在城市地区更为明显突出。
This paper mainly explores the effects of the differential experience of women immigrate for marriage in Korea and the influence of subjective health cognition on the ethnic composition of the living area. Changes in the ethnic structure of the residential area will create an environment in which the daily life, social and economic activities, and ethnic and cultural identity of women immigrating for marriage will go through changes. Therefore, this paper assumes that the ethnic composition of the residential area will have an impact on differential experience and subjective health cognition. This paper sets two indicators that reflect the ethnic composition of the living area, aiming at grasping the relationship between the differential experience of female marriage immigrants and subjective health cognition. The analysis data is based on the metadata of the 2009 National Multicultural Family Survey, with the Chinese Korean ethnic groups, Vietnamese, and Filipino-born wives as the objects of this study. At the same time, the proportion of the foreign population and the population of the same ethnic group in 251 municipalities and counties was calculated and the results were also included in this study. The results of the analysis show that the more people of the same ethnic group in the area of residence, the more likely the marriage immigrant women will experience a differential experience and have a negative perception of their own health. Such a tendency is consistent despite the education level of couples, the employment of marriage immigrant women, whether they live with their in-laws, and whether they live in big cities. Although the influence of the foreign population ratio in the residential area is relatively weak, it can weaken the differential cognition of marriage immigrant women and promote the healthy development of health cognition. Such neighborhood effects are more pronounced in urban areas.
This paper mainly explores the effects of the differential experience of women immigrate for marriage in Korea and the influence of subjective health cognition on the ethnic composition of the living area. Changes in the ethnic structure of the residential area will create an environment in which the daily life, social and economic activities, and ethnic and cultural identity of women immigrating for marriage will go through changes. Therefore, this paper assumes that the ethnic composition of the residential area will have an impact on differential experience and subjective health cognition. This paper sets two indicators that reflect the ethnic composition of the living area, aiming at grasping the relationship between the differential experience of female marriage immigrants and subjective health cognition. The analysis data is based on the metadata of the 2009 National Multicultural Family Survey, with the Chinese Korean ethnic groups, Vietnamese, and Filipino-born wives as the objects of this study. At the same time, the proportion of the foreign population and the population of the same ethnic group in 251 municipalities and counties was calculated and the results were also included in this study. The results of the analysis show that the more people of the same ethnic group in the area of residence, the more likely the marriage immigrant women will experience a differential experience and have a negative perception of their own health. Such a tendency is consistent despite the education level of couples, the employment of marriage immigrant women, whether they live with their in-laws, and whether they live in big cities. Although the influence of the foreign population ratio in the residential area is relatively weak, it can weaken the differential cognition of marriage immigrant women and promote the healthy development of health cognition. Such neighborhood effects are more pronounced in urban areas.
引文
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[5]Van Ham, M., D. Manley, N. Bailey, L. simpson and D. Maclennan. Neighborhood Effects Research: New Perspective[M]. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 2012.
[6]金斗燮. 韩国人的国际婚姻和外国人配偶的适应[M]. 首尔:集文堂, 2015.
[7]Hagan, J. M. Social Networks, Gender, and Immigrant Incorporation: Resources and Constraints[J]. American Sociological Review, 1998(63):55-67.
[8]Teitler, Julien. The Impact of the Los Angeles Neighborhood Variation in Youth Sexual, Fertility and Educational Outcomes[J]. Working paper of Center for Research on Child Wellbing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1998.
[9]Kohler, Hans-Peter, J. R. Behrman and S. C. Watkins. The Density of Social Networks and Fertility Decisions: Evidence from South Nyanza District, Kenya[J]. Demography, 2001,38(1): 43-58.
[10]Sampson, R. J, J. D. Morenoff and T. Gannon-Rowley. Assesing ‘Neighborhood Effects’: Social Processes and New Directions in Research[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2002(28):443-478.
[11]Patel, K, V. K. Eschbach, L. L. Rudkin, M. K. Peek and K. S. Markides. Neighborhood Context and Self-rated Health in Older Mexican Americans[J]. Annals of Epidemiology, 2003,13(9):620-628.
[12]Eschbach, K.G.V. Ostir, K.V. Patel, K.S. Markides and J.S. Goodwin. Neighborhood Context and Mortality among Older Mexican Americans: Is There a Barrio Advantage?[J], American Journal of Public Health 2004(94): 1 807-1 812.
[13]Kimbro, Rachel Tolbert. Acculturation in Context: Gender, Age at Migration, Neighborhood Ethnicity, and Health Behaviors[J]. Social Science Quarterly, 2009,90(5): 1 145-1 166.
[14]Sabatier, C. ethnic and National Identity among Second-generation Immigrant Adolescents in France: The Role of Social Context and Family[J]. Journal of Adolescence 2008,31(2): 185-205.
[15]Prilleltensky, Isaac. Migrant Well-being is a Multilevel, Dynamic, Value Dependent Phenomenon[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2008(42): 359-364.
[16]Ward, Colleen, S. Fox, J. Wilson, J. Stuart and L. Kus. Contextual Influences on Acculturation P rocesses: The Roles of Family, Community and Society[J]. Psychological Studies,2010, 55(1): 26-34.
[17]金斗爕,宋有镇.居住地区外国人妻子的比重和家具构造对婚姻移居女性的生育率产生的影响:邻里效应的验证[J]. 韩国人口学,2013,36(1):51-74.
[18]金汉城,李維信. 婚姻移居女性的生活满意度:地区社会特性和差别体验为中心[J]. 韩国社会学, 2013, 47(2):177-209.
[19]闵智善,金斗爕.居住地区的外国人比重对外国人的社会距离感产生的影响[J]. 韩国人口学, 2013, 36(4):71-94.
[20]金斗燮,居住地区.民族构成对婚姻移居女性的社会活动和适应类型产生的影响:邻里效应的验证[J]. 韩国人口学,2014.37(1):1-29.
[21]朴世勋,李英雅,金恩兰,郑小洋.对应多元文化社会的城市政策研究(I):外国人密集区域的现状和政策课题[M]. 首尔:国土研究院, 2009.
[22]金斗爕.外国人配偶的多样性和国际婚姻安定性[M]. 首尔:集文堂, 2013.
[23]SSK多元文化事业团.多元文化市·郡·区统计Data Sheet[DB]. 汉阳大SSK多元文化事业团, 2012.
[24]金斗爕,柳政均.多元文化市·郡·区统计Data Sheet,2010,2012[DB]. 汉阳大SSK多元文化事业团, 2013.
[25]地方自治团体外国人居民现状[Z]. 行政安全部, 2010.
[26]2009年全国多元文化家庭实地调查[DB]. 保健福利部,女性家庭部,法务部,2010.
[27]金慧美,元瑞振,崔善和.多元文化家庭子女的差别体验和心理适应:以社会支持的媒介效应和验证为中心[J]. 社会福利研究, 2011,42(1):117-149.
[28]金有均,孙仁瑞,金承燮.婚姻移民者的差别体验和主观健康水平见得相关性:以出生地区和性别差异为中心[J],保健社会研究,2015,35(3):421-452.
[29]孙仁瑞,金承燮.关于韩国的差别体验和健康研究的体系文献综述[J]. 保健社会研究, 2015,35(1):26-57.
[30]权具英,朴根宇.影响国际婚姻移居女性的精神健康的因素[J]. 社会研究, 2007(14):187-219.
[31]李景慧,金景源.婚姻移居女性的社会文化适应和精神状态及健康相关生活的质之间的关系[J].韩国母子保健学, 2011, 15(2):121-131.
[32]Solis, j. M., G. Marks, M. Garcia and D. Shelton. Acculturation, Access to Care, and Use of Preventive Services by Hispanics: Findings from HHANES 1982-84[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1990, 80(Suppl.): 11-19.
[33]Lee, S.-K. J. Sobal and E. A. Frongillo, Jr. Acculturation and Health in Korean Americans[J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2000,51(2): 159-173.
[34]Shen, B. J. and D. T. Takeuchi. A Structural Model of Acculturation and Mental Health Status among Chinese Americans[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology 2001,29(3): 387-418.
[35]Abraido-Lanza,A.F.,M.T.Chao and C.Y. Gates. Acculturation and Cancer Screening among Latinas: Results from the National Health Interview Survey[J]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2005,29(1): 22-28.
[36]Leao, T. S. J. Sundquist, S.-E. Johansson and K. Sundquist. The Influence of Age at Migration and Length of Residence on Self-rated Health among Swedish Immigrants: A Cross-setional Study[J]. Ethnicity and Health, 2009,14(1): 93-105.
[37]Im, H. The Impact Factors on Mental Health among Marriage Migrant Women[J]. Mental Health and Social Work, 2010,34(4): 189-221.
[38]Yang, S. J. Health Status, Health Care Utilization and Related Factors among Asian Immigrant Women in Korea[J]. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing 2010, 24(2): 323-335.
[39]Lee, S. A. H. O’ Neill, E. S. Ihara and D. H. Chae. change in Self-reported Health Status among Immigrants in the United States: Associations with Measures of Acculturation[J]. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(10): e76494.
[40]Lee, Sunmin and Doo-Sub Kim, Acculturation and Self-rated Health among Foreign Women in Korea[J]. Health and Social Welfare Review 2014,34(2): 453-483.
[41]金斗爕,李智元.居住地区的民族构成特性对婚姻移居女性的生活满意度产生的影响[J]. 家庭与文化, 2015, 27(2):130-156.
[42]统计厅(2015a).国家统计门户(KOSIS)[EB/OL]. 统计厅 http://kosis.kr/.
①邻里效应根据不同状况也有邻居效应、同事集团效应(peer effect),背景效应(contextual effect)等多种名称,这篇论文中使用邻里效应这个称呼。
(1)对最近女性家庭部(2013)为主实行的《2012年全国多元文化家庭实地调查》的元资料加以利用,因为这份调查资料的应答者居住地区的市?郡?区资料的不公开,以居住地区为基础的辑合变量的构建或者邻里效应的验证便成为不可能的事情。
(2)这篇研究的分析对象是处于有配偶状态下的婚姻移居女性,他们中大部分居住在丈夫的家中。因此判断他们单独或者和丈夫一起进入或者居住在民族社区的可能性比起移居劳动者相对要低。
(3)研究中将相同国家出身的婚姻移居女性或者同民族人口占有率按全国所有市?郡?区单位单独计算之后再整合为分析资料这一操作的原因是因为如果按大部分市?郡?区单位各自计算的话,各个出身国家的案例数存在过少的问题,这一问题也将导致不能扩大出身国家案例数这一局限性。
(4)测定婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知的原尺度的基础上再乘以10得出的值再用于研究这一操作是为了避免多层模型分析中说明变量的回归系数过小这一问题(参照《表3》和《表4》)。像这样在特定变量的值基础上进行乘除的变形操作对于该变量和其他变量的关系或者在因果结构分析中不产生任何影响。
(5)如本研究中图1图2及图3所展示那样,本文采用了ANOVA分析方法观测了根据同民族人口比率来看的婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知的方差在其统计学上的显著性。结果显示,所有方差都在统计学上呈现0.01的显著性。
(6)在区分个人的测定水平和缉合的测定水平变量的分析中,一般认为多层模型比一般回归分析在观念和方法论上更为精确。一般来说,固定效果模型中回归系数的标准误差比实际的推算要小,而统计学的显著性也存在有被夸大评价的问题(Raudenbush&Bryk,2002;Guo,2005)。但是,这样的问题在不严重的情况下,两个分析模型的结果大部分情况不会出现太大的差异(金斗爕,姜南俊,2008)。在这篇研究中也发现多层模型和一般回归模型的分析结果也呈现一致的结果。本研究中只展示了使用STATA 11.2推算的多层模型分析结果。
(7)表3中,地区水平的方差值比个人水平的方差值低。但是要指出在这个分析模型中不存在能保证所包含的地区水平变量说明力的绝对方差标准。表中所展示的模型并不是为了找出引起差别体验产生影响的重要决定因素而设计的。也不是为了比较个人水平和地区水平变量对差别体验所产生的影响力。只是,我们的重点在于观察模型在包含了微观和宏观水平的主要社会人口学变量,并控制其影响力之后,居住地区的民族构成指标对差别体验产生的独立影响力是否存在有效的统计学显著性。
(8)但是,使用统一说明变量和控制变量的一般回归模型中,同民族人口的增加对健康认知产生的负面影响力在中小城市和农村地区都呈现出统计学上的显著性。在本研究的回归模型中,由于回归系数的标准误差比在多层模型分析中推算的小,所以我们判断统计学上的显著性相对被夸大的分析结果。在这篇研究中所实行的多层模型和一般回归分析的其他分析结果则维持了一致性。
[2]Ellen, I. G., M.A. Turner. Does Neighborhood Matter? Assessing Recent Evidence[J]. Housing Policy Debate 1997,8(4): 833-866.
[3]Dietz, R. The Estimation of Neighborhood Effects in the Social Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Approach[J]. Social Science Research 2002,31(4): 539-575.
[4]Galster, George C. The Mechanism(s) of Neighborhood Effects: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications[J]. Paper presented at the ESRC Seminar Neighborhood Effects: Theory and Evidence. St. Andrews University, Scotland, UK, 2010.February 4-5.
[5]Van Ham, M., D. Manley, N. Bailey, L. simpson and D. Maclennan. Neighborhood Effects Research: New Perspective[M]. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 2012.
[6]金斗燮. 韩国人的国际婚姻和外国人配偶的适应[M]. 首尔:集文堂, 2015.
[7]Hagan, J. M. Social Networks, Gender, and Immigrant Incorporation: Resources and Constraints[J]. American Sociological Review, 1998(63):55-67.
[8]Teitler, Julien. The Impact of the Los Angeles Neighborhood Variation in Youth Sexual, Fertility and Educational Outcomes[J]. Working paper of Center for Research on Child Wellbing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1998.
[9]Kohler, Hans-Peter, J. R. Behrman and S. C. Watkins. The Density of Social Networks and Fertility Decisions: Evidence from South Nyanza District, Kenya[J]. Demography, 2001,38(1): 43-58.
[10]Sampson, R. J, J. D. Morenoff and T. Gannon-Rowley. Assesing ‘Neighborhood Effects’: Social Processes and New Directions in Research[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2002(28):443-478.
[11]Patel, K, V. K. Eschbach, L. L. Rudkin, M. K. Peek and K. S. Markides. Neighborhood Context and Self-rated Health in Older Mexican Americans[J]. Annals of Epidemiology, 2003,13(9):620-628.
[12]Eschbach, K.G.V. Ostir, K.V. Patel, K.S. Markides and J.S. Goodwin. Neighborhood Context and Mortality among Older Mexican Americans: Is There a Barrio Advantage?[J], American Journal of Public Health 2004(94): 1 807-1 812.
[13]Kimbro, Rachel Tolbert. Acculturation in Context: Gender, Age at Migration, Neighborhood Ethnicity, and Health Behaviors[J]. Social Science Quarterly, 2009,90(5): 1 145-1 166.
[14]Sabatier, C. ethnic and National Identity among Second-generation Immigrant Adolescents in France: The Role of Social Context and Family[J]. Journal of Adolescence 2008,31(2): 185-205.
[15]Prilleltensky, Isaac. Migrant Well-being is a Multilevel, Dynamic, Value Dependent Phenomenon[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2008(42): 359-364.
[16]Ward, Colleen, S. Fox, J. Wilson, J. Stuart and L. Kus. Contextual Influences on Acculturation P rocesses: The Roles of Family, Community and Society[J]. Psychological Studies,2010, 55(1): 26-34.
[17]金斗爕,宋有镇.居住地区外国人妻子的比重和家具构造对婚姻移居女性的生育率产生的影响:邻里效应的验证[J]. 韩国人口学,2013,36(1):51-74.
[18]金汉城,李維信. 婚姻移居女性的生活满意度:地区社会特性和差别体验为中心[J]. 韩国社会学, 2013, 47(2):177-209.
[19]闵智善,金斗爕.居住地区的外国人比重对外国人的社会距离感产生的影响[J]. 韩国人口学, 2013, 36(4):71-94.
[20]金斗燮,居住地区.民族构成对婚姻移居女性的社会活动和适应类型产生的影响:邻里效应的验证[J]. 韩国人口学,2014.37(1):1-29.
[21]朴世勋,李英雅,金恩兰,郑小洋.对应多元文化社会的城市政策研究(I):外国人密集区域的现状和政策课题[M]. 首尔:国土研究院, 2009.
[22]金斗爕.外国人配偶的多样性和国际婚姻安定性[M]. 首尔:集文堂, 2013.
[23]SSK多元文化事业团.多元文化市·郡·区统计Data Sheet[DB]. 汉阳大SSK多元文化事业团, 2012.
[24]金斗爕,柳政均.多元文化市·郡·区统计Data Sheet,2010,2012[DB]. 汉阳大SSK多元文化事业团, 2013.
[25]地方自治团体外国人居民现状[Z]. 行政安全部, 2010.
[26]2009年全国多元文化家庭实地调查[DB]. 保健福利部,女性家庭部,法务部,2010.
[27]金慧美,元瑞振,崔善和.多元文化家庭子女的差别体验和心理适应:以社会支持的媒介效应和验证为中心[J]. 社会福利研究, 2011,42(1):117-149.
[28]金有均,孙仁瑞,金承燮.婚姻移民者的差别体验和主观健康水平见得相关性:以出生地区和性别差异为中心[J],保健社会研究,2015,35(3):421-452.
[29]孙仁瑞,金承燮.关于韩国的差别体验和健康研究的体系文献综述[J]. 保健社会研究, 2015,35(1):26-57.
[30]权具英,朴根宇.影响国际婚姻移居女性的精神健康的因素[J]. 社会研究, 2007(14):187-219.
[31]李景慧,金景源.婚姻移居女性的社会文化适应和精神状态及健康相关生活的质之间的关系[J].韩国母子保健学, 2011, 15(2):121-131.
[32]Solis, j. M., G. Marks, M. Garcia and D. Shelton. Acculturation, Access to Care, and Use of Preventive Services by Hispanics: Findings from HHANES 1982-84[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1990, 80(Suppl.): 11-19.
[33]Lee, S.-K. J. Sobal and E. A. Frongillo, Jr. Acculturation and Health in Korean Americans[J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2000,51(2): 159-173.
[34]Shen, B. J. and D. T. Takeuchi. A Structural Model of Acculturation and Mental Health Status among Chinese Americans[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology 2001,29(3): 387-418.
[35]Abraido-Lanza,A.F.,M.T.Chao and C.Y. Gates. Acculturation and Cancer Screening among Latinas: Results from the National Health Interview Survey[J]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2005,29(1): 22-28.
[36]Leao, T. S. J. Sundquist, S.-E. Johansson and K. Sundquist. The Influence of Age at Migration and Length of Residence on Self-rated Health among Swedish Immigrants: A Cross-setional Study[J]. Ethnicity and Health, 2009,14(1): 93-105.
[37]Im, H. The Impact Factors on Mental Health among Marriage Migrant Women[J]. Mental Health and Social Work, 2010,34(4): 189-221.
[38]Yang, S. J. Health Status, Health Care Utilization and Related Factors among Asian Immigrant Women in Korea[J]. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing 2010, 24(2): 323-335.
[39]Lee, S. A. H. O’ Neill, E. S. Ihara and D. H. Chae. change in Self-reported Health Status among Immigrants in the United States: Associations with Measures of Acculturation[J]. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(10): e76494.
[40]Lee, Sunmin and Doo-Sub Kim, Acculturation and Self-rated Health among Foreign Women in Korea[J]. Health and Social Welfare Review 2014,34(2): 453-483.
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①邻里效应根据不同状况也有邻居效应、同事集团效应(peer effect),背景效应(contextual effect)等多种名称,这篇论文中使用邻里效应这个称呼。
(1)对最近女性家庭部(2013)为主实行的《2012年全国多元文化家庭实地调查》的元资料加以利用,因为这份调查资料的应答者居住地区的市?郡?区资料的不公开,以居住地区为基础的辑合变量的构建或者邻里效应的验证便成为不可能的事情。
(2)这篇研究的分析对象是处于有配偶状态下的婚姻移居女性,他们中大部分居住在丈夫的家中。因此判断他们单独或者和丈夫一起进入或者居住在民族社区的可能性比起移居劳动者相对要低。
(3)研究中将相同国家出身的婚姻移居女性或者同民族人口占有率按全国所有市?郡?区单位单独计算之后再整合为分析资料这一操作的原因是因为如果按大部分市?郡?区单位各自计算的话,各个出身国家的案例数存在过少的问题,这一问题也将导致不能扩大出身国家案例数这一局限性。
(4)测定婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知的原尺度的基础上再乘以10得出的值再用于研究这一操作是为了避免多层模型分析中说明变量的回归系数过小这一问题(参照《表3》和《表4》)。像这样在特定变量的值基础上进行乘除的变形操作对于该变量和其他变量的关系或者在因果结构分析中不产生任何影响。
(5)如本研究中图1图2及图3所展示那样,本文采用了ANOVA分析方法观测了根据同民族人口比率来看的婚姻移居女性的差别体验和主观健康认知的方差在其统计学上的显著性。结果显示,所有方差都在统计学上呈现0.01的显著性。
(6)在区分个人的测定水平和缉合的测定水平变量的分析中,一般认为多层模型比一般回归分析在观念和方法论上更为精确。一般来说,固定效果模型中回归系数的标准误差比实际的推算要小,而统计学的显著性也存在有被夸大评价的问题(Raudenbush&Bryk,2002;Guo,2005)。但是,这样的问题在不严重的情况下,两个分析模型的结果大部分情况不会出现太大的差异(金斗爕,姜南俊,2008)。在这篇研究中也发现多层模型和一般回归模型的分析结果也呈现一致的结果。本研究中只展示了使用STATA 11.2推算的多层模型分析结果。
(7)表3中,地区水平的方差值比个人水平的方差值低。但是要指出在这个分析模型中不存在能保证所包含的地区水平变量说明力的绝对方差标准。表中所展示的模型并不是为了找出引起差别体验产生影响的重要决定因素而设计的。也不是为了比较个人水平和地区水平变量对差别体验所产生的影响力。只是,我们的重点在于观察模型在包含了微观和宏观水平的主要社会人口学变量,并控制其影响力之后,居住地区的民族构成指标对差别体验产生的独立影响力是否存在有效的统计学显著性。
(8)但是,使用统一说明变量和控制变量的一般回归模型中,同民族人口的增加对健康认知产生的负面影响力在中小城市和农村地区都呈现出统计学上的显著性。在本研究的回归模型中,由于回归系数的标准误差比在多层模型分析中推算的小,所以我们判断统计学上的显著性相对被夸大的分析结果。在这篇研究中所实行的多层模型和一般回归分析的其他分析结果则维持了一致性。