黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响
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摘要
土地利用方式变化能对土壤碳氮储量产生重要影响.为了探讨不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了黄土高原子午岭林区自退耕还林(草)工程实施以来(15年)自然恢复草地和人工油松林地0~100 cm土层土壤碳氮储量、碳氮比以及根系生物量的差异.结果表明:自然恢复草地和人工油松林地土壤有机碳均表现出表聚效应,自然恢复草地0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量显著低于人工油松林,而其他土层差异均不显著.人工油松林0~100 cm土层土壤总碳储量为117.94 Mg·hm~(-2),比自然恢复草地增加28.4%.两种植被类型土壤全氮储量在各土层间差异均不显著,但自然恢复草地0~100 cm土层土壤全氮总储量为7.69Mg·hm~(-2),比人工油松林高17.7%.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤铵态氮储量在各土层间差异均显著,自然恢复草地铵态氮储量显著高于人工油松林,且随土层增加表现为先增后降的趋势.而自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤硝态氮储量只在0~20 cm土层差异显著,且自然恢复草地高于人工油松林.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮比表现为0~20 cm土层差异不显著,随土层的加深表现为人工油松林碳氮比显著高于自然恢复草地,且差异逐渐增大.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮储量与根系生物量均呈显著正相关.因此,自然恢复草地土壤有利于氮储量的积累,人工油松林土壤有利于土壤碳储量的增加,且根系是影响土壤碳氮储量分布的重要因子.
Changes in land use can have important impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen storage. To explore the effects of different land use types on soil carbon and nitrogen storage,we examined the differences of soil carbon and nitrogen storage,ratio of carbon to nitrogen and root biomass in the 0-100 cm soil layer of the natural grassland and Pinus tabuliformis plantation since the implementation of the project( 15 years) of"Returning Farmland to Forest( Grassland) "in the Ziwuling forest region of the Loess Plateau,China. The results showed that soil organic carbon of both natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation showed surface polymerization effect. Soil organic carbon storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer of natural grassland was significantly lower than that of P. tabuliformis plantation,while the other soil layers showed no significant difference. The total soil carbon storage of P. tabuliformis plantation in the 0-100 cm soil layer was 117.94 Mg·hm~(-2),which was 28. 4% higher than that of natural grassland. There was no significant difference in total nitrogen storage in different soil layers of the two vegetation types. The soil total nitrogen storage of natural grassland was 7.69 Mg·hm~(-2) in the 0-100 cm soil layer,which was 17.7% higher than P. tabuliformis plantation. There was significant difference in ammonium storage among different soil layers in natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation. The ammonium storage in natural grassland was significantly higher than that in P. tabuliformis plantation,exhibited first increase and then decrease trend with the increases of soil depth. Only in the 0-20 cm soil layer,nitrate storage in natural grassland was significantly higher than the P. tabuliformis plantation. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation showed no significant difference in 0-20 cm soil layer. With the increases of soil layers,the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in P. tabuliformis plantation were higher than in the natural grassland,and the difference increased gradually. In addition,soil carbon and nitrogen storage showed significantly positive correlation with root biomass in natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation. Therefore,natural grassland was conductive to the accumulation of soil nitrogen storage,and P. tabuliformis plantation was beneficial to increase soil carbon storage. Root was an important factor affecting the distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen storage.
Changes in land use can have important impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen storage. To explore the effects of different land use types on soil carbon and nitrogen storage,we examined the differences of soil carbon and nitrogen storage,ratio of carbon to nitrogen and root biomass in the 0-100 cm soil layer of the natural grassland and Pinus tabuliformis plantation since the implementation of the project( 15 years) of"Returning Farmland to Forest( Grassland) "in the Ziwuling forest region of the Loess Plateau,China. The results showed that soil organic carbon of both natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation showed surface polymerization effect. Soil organic carbon storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer of natural grassland was significantly lower than that of P. tabuliformis plantation,while the other soil layers showed no significant difference. The total soil carbon storage of P. tabuliformis plantation in the 0-100 cm soil layer was 117.94 Mg·hm~(-2),which was 28. 4% higher than that of natural grassland. There was no significant difference in total nitrogen storage in different soil layers of the two vegetation types. The soil total nitrogen storage of natural grassland was 7.69 Mg·hm~(-2) in the 0-100 cm soil layer,which was 17.7% higher than P. tabuliformis plantation. There was significant difference in ammonium storage among different soil layers in natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation. The ammonium storage in natural grassland was significantly higher than that in P. tabuliformis plantation,exhibited first increase and then decrease trend with the increases of soil depth. Only in the 0-20 cm soil layer,nitrate storage in natural grassland was significantly higher than the P. tabuliformis plantation. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation showed no significant difference in 0-20 cm soil layer. With the increases of soil layers,the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in P. tabuliformis plantation were higher than in the natural grassland,and the difference increased gradually. In addition,soil carbon and nitrogen storage showed significantly positive correlation with root biomass in natural grassland and P. tabuliformis plantation. Therefore,natural grassland was conductive to the accumulation of soil nitrogen storage,and P. tabuliformis plantation was beneficial to increase soil carbon storage. Root was an important factor affecting the distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen storage.
引文
[1]Fu B-J(傅伯杰),Zhang L-W(张立伟).Land use change and ecosystem services:Concepts,methods and progress.Progress of Geographical Science(地理科学进展),2014,33(4):441-446(in Chinese)
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[3]Deng L,Shangguan ZP.Afforestation drives soil carbon and nitrogen changes in China.Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:151-165
[4]Deng L,Han QS,Zhang C,et al.Above-ground and below-ground biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration with Caragana korshinskii Kom plantation development.Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:906-917
[5]Yu Y(于洋),Wang H-Y(王海燕),Lei X-D(雷相东).Soil organic carbon in over-logged forest stands of Quercus mongolicia northeastern China.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院报),2011,26(2):57-62(in Chinese)
[6]Liao H-K(廖洪凯),Long J(龙健),Li J(李娟),et al.Distribution characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen under different vegetation types in Karst dry hot valley of Southwest China.Soils(土壤),2012,44(3):421-428(in Chinese)
[7]Tang L,Dang XH,Liu GB,et al.Response of artificial grassland carbon stock to management in mountain region of southern Ningxia,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2014,24:436-443
[8]Zhao W,Zhang R,Huang CQ,et al.Effect of different vegetation cover on the vertical distribution of soil organic and inorganic carbon in the Zhifanggou watershed on the Loess Plateau.Catena,2016,139:191-198
[9]Xing X-Y(邢肖毅),Huang Y-M(黄懿梅),An S-S(安韶山),et al.Soil nitrogen concentrations and transformations under different vegetation types in forested zones of the Loess Gully Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2013,33(22):7181-7189(in Chinese)
[10]Bao S-D(鲍士旦).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004(in Chinese)
[11]Chen Z(陈智),Yin H-J(尹华军),Wei Y-Y(卫云燕),et al.Short-term effects of night warming and nitrogen addition on soil available nitrogen and microbial properties in subalpine coniferous forests,Western Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2010,34(11):1254-1264(in Chinese)
[12]Wei XR,Shao MA,William J,et al.Dynamics of aggregate associated organic carbon following conversion of forest to cropland.Soil Biochemistry,2013,57:876-883
[13]Huang C-Y(黄昌勇),Xu J-M(徐建明).Soil Science.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2012(in Chinese)
[14]Han X-S(韩新生),Ma F(马璠),Guo Y-Z(郭永忠),et al.Effects of land use on water stable aggregates in surface soil.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2018,32(2):114-120(in Chinese)
[15]Luo D(罗达),Shi Z-M(史作民),Wang W-X(王卫霞),et al.The subtropical pine carbon and nitrogen storage in Erythrophleum fordii and Pinus massoniana artificial pure forest and mixed forest ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(18):6051-6059(in Chinese)
[16]Zhu Q-L(朱秋丽),Wang C(王纯),Yan J-H(严锦华),et al.Effect of straw and waste on the soil aggregates and carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents of Jasmine garden.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(4):192-197(in Chinese)
[17]Zhang C-H(张春华),Wang Z-M(王宗明),Ju W-M(居为民),et al.Temporal and spatial variability of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio in maize belt of Songnen Plain.Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(5):528-533(in Chinese)
[18]Ding F-J(丁访军),Pan Z-S(潘忠松),Zhou F-J(周凤娇),et al.Organic carbon contents and vertical distribution characteristics of the soil in three forest types of the Karst regions in central Guizhou Province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2012,26(1):161-169(in Chinese)
[19]Sauer TJ,Cambardella CA,Brandle JR.Soil carbon and tree litter dynamics in a red cedar-scotch pine shelterbelt.Agroforestry Systems,2007,71:1555-1563
[20]Guo S-L(郭胜利),Ma Y-H(马玉红),Che S-G(车升国),et al.Effects of plantation and natural vegetation on litter volume and soil organic carbon changes in the Loess Region.Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2009,45(10):14-18(in Chinese)
[21]Shi K(史锟),Chen Z(陈卓).Effects of soil mechanical composition on organic carbon content in livable mountainous area.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2008,24(8):274-278(in Chinese)
[22]Tian J-Q(田佳倩),Zhou Z-Y(周志勇),Bao B(包彬),et al.Changes of soil particle fractions and their effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents in the ecotone between agriculture and pasture.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2008,32(3):601-610(in Chinese)
[23]Jing Y-Y(敬芸仪),Deng L-J(邓良基),Zhang S-R(张世熔).Study on the main factors of purple soil EC characteristics and its influence.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2006,37(3):617-619(in Chinese)
[24]Zheng M-H(郑棉海),Chen H(陈浩),Zhu X-M(朱晓敏),et al.Effects of mineral nutrient input on biological nitrogen fixation in forest.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(24):7941-7954(in Chinese)
[25]Batlle-Aguilar J,Brovelli A,Luster J,et al.Analysis of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in riparian soils:Model validation and sensitivity to environmental controls.Science of the Total Environment,2012,429:246-256
[26]Gao Y-Z(高英志),Wang S-P(汪诗平),Han X-G(韩兴国),et al.Soil nitrogen regime and the relationship between aboveground green phytobiomass and soil nitrogen fractions at different stocking rates in the Xilin River Basion.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(3):285-294(in Chinese)
[27]Zhu Z-L(朱兆良).Study on soil nitrogen in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2008,45(5):778-783(in Chinese)
[28]Zhao HW,Yan FM,Sheng XL.Wheat responses to ammonium and nitrate N applied at different sown and input times.Field Crops Research,2016,199:10-20
[29]Deng J(邓娟),Shangguan Z-P(上官周平).Ziwuling forest of artificial and natural Pinus tabuliformis forest nutrient and carbon pools.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2009,29(6):3231-3240(in Chinese)
[30]Wang B(王彬),Wang H(王辉),Yang J-L(杨军珑),et al.Study on gap regeneration characteristics of Pinus tabuliformis forest in Ziwulin Mountain.Forestry Resources Management(林业资源管理),2007,4(2):60-65(in Chinese)
[31]Wu J-G(吴建国),Zhang X-Q(张小全),Xu D-Y(徐德应).Changes in soil labile organic carbon under different land use in the Liupan Mountain forest zone.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(5):657-664(in Chinese)
[32]Zhang X-B(张希彪),Shangguan Z-P(上官周平).Effect of human disturbance on soil physical properties of Pinus tabuliformis plantation in Ziwuling,Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2006,26(11):3685-3695(in Chinese)
[33]Bengtsson G,Bengtson P,Mansson KF.Gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization,and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2003,35:143-154
[34]Zhang C-H(张春华),Wang Z-M(王宗明),Ju W-M(居为民),et al.Spatial and temporal variability of soil C/N ratio in Songnen plain maize belt.Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(5):1407-1414(in Chinese)
[35]Chen W-F(陈为峰),Shi Y-X(史衍玺),Tian S-F(田素锋),et al.Distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in new wetland of Yellow River Estuary.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2008,22(1):69-73(in Chinese)
[36]Lv G-H(吕国红),Zhou L(周莉),Zhao X-L(赵先丽),et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Phragmites australis wetland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(3):384-389(in Chinese)
[37]Fu XL,Shao MA,Wei XR,et al.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen as affected by vegetation types in northern Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,2010,155:31-35
[38]Rahman MM,Barcena TG,Vesterdal L.Tree species and time since afforestation drive soil C and N mineralization on former cropland.Geoderma,2017,305:153-161
[39]Pietri JCA,Brookes PC.Substrate inputs and p H as factors controlling microbial biomass,activity and community structure in an arable soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2009,41:1396-1405
[40]Deng Q,Cheng XL,Yang YH,et al.Carbon nitrogen interactions during afforestation in central China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:119-122
[2]Deng L,Shangguan ZP,Sweeney S.‘Grain for Green’driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau,China.Scientific Reports,2014,4:7039
[3]Deng L,Shangguan ZP.Afforestation drives soil carbon and nitrogen changes in China.Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:151-165
[4]Deng L,Han QS,Zhang C,et al.Above-ground and below-ground biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration with Caragana korshinskii Kom plantation development.Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:906-917
[5]Yu Y(于洋),Wang H-Y(王海燕),Lei X-D(雷相东).Soil organic carbon in over-logged forest stands of Quercus mongolicia northeastern China.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院报),2011,26(2):57-62(in Chinese)
[6]Liao H-K(廖洪凯),Long J(龙健),Li J(李娟),et al.Distribution characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen under different vegetation types in Karst dry hot valley of Southwest China.Soils(土壤),2012,44(3):421-428(in Chinese)
[7]Tang L,Dang XH,Liu GB,et al.Response of artificial grassland carbon stock to management in mountain region of southern Ningxia,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2014,24:436-443
[8]Zhao W,Zhang R,Huang CQ,et al.Effect of different vegetation cover on the vertical distribution of soil organic and inorganic carbon in the Zhifanggou watershed on the Loess Plateau.Catena,2016,139:191-198
[9]Xing X-Y(邢肖毅),Huang Y-M(黄懿梅),An S-S(安韶山),et al.Soil nitrogen concentrations and transformations under different vegetation types in forested zones of the Loess Gully Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2013,33(22):7181-7189(in Chinese)
[10]Bao S-D(鲍士旦).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004(in Chinese)
[11]Chen Z(陈智),Yin H-J(尹华军),Wei Y-Y(卫云燕),et al.Short-term effects of night warming and nitrogen addition on soil available nitrogen and microbial properties in subalpine coniferous forests,Western Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2010,34(11):1254-1264(in Chinese)
[12]Wei XR,Shao MA,William J,et al.Dynamics of aggregate associated organic carbon following conversion of forest to cropland.Soil Biochemistry,2013,57:876-883
[13]Huang C-Y(黄昌勇),Xu J-M(徐建明).Soil Science.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2012(in Chinese)
[14]Han X-S(韩新生),Ma F(马璠),Guo Y-Z(郭永忠),et al.Effects of land use on water stable aggregates in surface soil.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2018,32(2):114-120(in Chinese)
[15]Luo D(罗达),Shi Z-M(史作民),Wang W-X(王卫霞),et al.The subtropical pine carbon and nitrogen storage in Erythrophleum fordii and Pinus massoniana artificial pure forest and mixed forest ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(18):6051-6059(in Chinese)
[16]Zhu Q-L(朱秋丽),Wang C(王纯),Yan J-H(严锦华),et al.Effect of straw and waste on the soil aggregates and carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents of Jasmine garden.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(4):192-197(in Chinese)
[17]Zhang C-H(张春华),Wang Z-M(王宗明),Ju W-M(居为民),et al.Temporal and spatial variability of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio in maize belt of Songnen Plain.Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(5):528-533(in Chinese)
[18]Ding F-J(丁访军),Pan Z-S(潘忠松),Zhou F-J(周凤娇),et al.Organic carbon contents and vertical distribution characteristics of the soil in three forest types of the Karst regions in central Guizhou Province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2012,26(1):161-169(in Chinese)
[19]Sauer TJ,Cambardella CA,Brandle JR.Soil carbon and tree litter dynamics in a red cedar-scotch pine shelterbelt.Agroforestry Systems,2007,71:1555-1563
[20]Guo S-L(郭胜利),Ma Y-H(马玉红),Che S-G(车升国),et al.Effects of plantation and natural vegetation on litter volume and soil organic carbon changes in the Loess Region.Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2009,45(10):14-18(in Chinese)
[21]Shi K(史锟),Chen Z(陈卓).Effects of soil mechanical composition on organic carbon content in livable mountainous area.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2008,24(8):274-278(in Chinese)
[22]Tian J-Q(田佳倩),Zhou Z-Y(周志勇),Bao B(包彬),et al.Changes of soil particle fractions and their effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents in the ecotone between agriculture and pasture.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2008,32(3):601-610(in Chinese)
[23]Jing Y-Y(敬芸仪),Deng L-J(邓良基),Zhang S-R(张世熔).Study on the main factors of purple soil EC characteristics and its influence.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2006,37(3):617-619(in Chinese)
[24]Zheng M-H(郑棉海),Chen H(陈浩),Zhu X-M(朱晓敏),et al.Effects of mineral nutrient input on biological nitrogen fixation in forest.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(24):7941-7954(in Chinese)
[25]Batlle-Aguilar J,Brovelli A,Luster J,et al.Analysis of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in riparian soils:Model validation and sensitivity to environmental controls.Science of the Total Environment,2012,429:246-256
[26]Gao Y-Z(高英志),Wang S-P(汪诗平),Han X-G(韩兴国),et al.Soil nitrogen regime and the relationship between aboveground green phytobiomass and soil nitrogen fractions at different stocking rates in the Xilin River Basion.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(3):285-294(in Chinese)
[27]Zhu Z-L(朱兆良).Study on soil nitrogen in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2008,45(5):778-783(in Chinese)
[28]Zhao HW,Yan FM,Sheng XL.Wheat responses to ammonium and nitrate N applied at different sown and input times.Field Crops Research,2016,199:10-20
[29]Deng J(邓娟),Shangguan Z-P(上官周平).Ziwuling forest of artificial and natural Pinus tabuliformis forest nutrient and carbon pools.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2009,29(6):3231-3240(in Chinese)
[30]Wang B(王彬),Wang H(王辉),Yang J-L(杨军珑),et al.Study on gap regeneration characteristics of Pinus tabuliformis forest in Ziwulin Mountain.Forestry Resources Management(林业资源管理),2007,4(2):60-65(in Chinese)
[31]Wu J-G(吴建国),Zhang X-Q(张小全),Xu D-Y(徐德应).Changes in soil labile organic carbon under different land use in the Liupan Mountain forest zone.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(5):657-664(in Chinese)
[32]Zhang X-B(张希彪),Shangguan Z-P(上官周平).Effect of human disturbance on soil physical properties of Pinus tabuliformis plantation in Ziwuling,Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2006,26(11):3685-3695(in Chinese)
[33]Bengtsson G,Bengtson P,Mansson KF.Gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization,and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2003,35:143-154
[34]Zhang C-H(张春华),Wang Z-M(王宗明),Ju W-M(居为民),et al.Spatial and temporal variability of soil C/N ratio in Songnen plain maize belt.Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(5):1407-1414(in Chinese)
[35]Chen W-F(陈为峰),Shi Y-X(史衍玺),Tian S-F(田素锋),et al.Distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in new wetland of Yellow River Estuary.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2008,22(1):69-73(in Chinese)
[36]Lv G-H(吕国红),Zhou L(周莉),Zhao X-L(赵先丽),et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Phragmites australis wetland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(3):384-389(in Chinese)
[37]Fu XL,Shao MA,Wei XR,et al.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen as affected by vegetation types in northern Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,2010,155:31-35
[38]Rahman MM,Barcena TG,Vesterdal L.Tree species and time since afforestation drive soil C and N mineralization on former cropland.Geoderma,2017,305:153-161
[39]Pietri JCA,Brookes PC.Substrate inputs and p H as factors controlling microbial biomass,activity and community structure in an arable soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2009,41:1396-1405
[40]Deng Q,Cheng XL,Yang YH,et al.Carbon nitrogen interactions during afforestation in central China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:119-122