《史记》道统观、政统观之探讨
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摘要
司马迁在《史记》中通过撰书意图的表达、篇章的设置与人物评价的标准三个方面,表达了对儒家道统的承继与坚持;又通过追溯由五帝时代"政统""道统"合一演变到夏、商、周、秦"道统"与"政统"分离的轨迹,强调了最高统治者是否法天施仁关系着朝代命运的政统理念。同时也指出儒士追求"道统""政统"合一理想的现实困境与解决途径,认为实现政治理想的可行途径乃在于支持推翻暴君和努力"为帝王师"。
Sima Qian expressed his inheritance and support of the Confucian orthodoxy in The History Records by expressing his purpose in writing this book, setting the chapters and evaluation criteria on historical characters. He also depicted the evolution from integration of the Confucian orthodoxy and political orthodoxy in Five Emperors period to their separation in Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, emphasizing the idea that emperors should accord to the natural law and implement humane policies.Meanwhile,Sima Qian pointed out the difficulties in Confucian scholars' realizing integration of the Confucian orthodoxy and political orthodoxy and concluded that the solution lay in supporting the overthrow of a tyrant and striving to be "the mentor of the emperor".
Sima Qian expressed his inheritance and support of the Confucian orthodoxy in The History Records by expressing his purpose in writing this book, setting the chapters and evaluation criteria on historical characters. He also depicted the evolution from integration of the Confucian orthodoxy and political orthodoxy in Five Emperors period to their separation in Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, emphasizing the idea that emperors should accord to the natural law and implement humane policies.Meanwhile,Sima Qian pointed out the difficulties in Confucian scholars' realizing integration of the Confucian orthodoxy and political orthodoxy and concluded that the solution lay in supporting the overthrow of a tyrant and striving to be "the mentor of the emperor".
引文
[1] 郭院林.试论司马迁以道统抗衡政统的精英意识:以《史记》项羽形象为中心[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(3):109-116.
[2] 张岱年.中国哲学大辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2014:169.
[3] 朱熹.四书章句集注[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
[4] 扬雄.法言[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[5] 刘真伦.韩愈文集汇校笺注[M].北京:中华书局,2010:4.
[6] 班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962:2737-2738.
[7] 司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
[8] 柳宗元.柳河东集[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
[9] 薛居正.旧五代史[M].北京:中华书局,1976.
[10] 牟宗三.道德的理想主义[M].台北:学生书局,1985:6.
[11] 王建华.试论中国封建社会政统对道统的控制[J].江汉论坛,2013(2):71.
[12] 杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
[13] 何睿洁.“道统”与“政统”张力中的依附和超越[J].人文杂志,2008(1):57.
[14] 杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,1960:112.
(1)《汉书·艺文志》所列诸子除儒家外之九家,司马迁《史记》为纵横家人物苏秦、张仪各立一传,道家老聃、庄周、韩非合为一传,商鞅虽独立一传,却是作为政治家而得此地位的。兵家人物传记虽多,却不在《汉志》“诸子”之列。而墨家、阴阳家、名家、杂家、农家、小说家均无独传。
(2)北宋王溥所纂《唐会要》卷三十六有云,唐宣宗大中五年十二月,太子詹事姚康“撰《帝王政统》十卷上之”。核之《旧唐书·宣宗纪》,“政统”乃“政纂”之讹。[宋]王溥撰,《唐会要》卷三十六,北京:中华书局,1955年版,第662页。
[2] 张岱年.中国哲学大辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2014:169.
[3] 朱熹.四书章句集注[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
[4] 扬雄.法言[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[5] 刘真伦.韩愈文集汇校笺注[M].北京:中华书局,2010:4.
[6] 班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962:2737-2738.
[7] 司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
[8] 柳宗元.柳河东集[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
[9] 薛居正.旧五代史[M].北京:中华书局,1976.
[10] 牟宗三.道德的理想主义[M].台北:学生书局,1985:6.
[11] 王建华.试论中国封建社会政统对道统的控制[J].江汉论坛,2013(2):71.
[12] 杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
[13] 何睿洁.“道统”与“政统”张力中的依附和超越[J].人文杂志,2008(1):57.
[14] 杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,1960:112.
(1)《汉书·艺文志》所列诸子除儒家外之九家,司马迁《史记》为纵横家人物苏秦、张仪各立一传,道家老聃、庄周、韩非合为一传,商鞅虽独立一传,却是作为政治家而得此地位的。兵家人物传记虽多,却不在《汉志》“诸子”之列。而墨家、阴阳家、名家、杂家、农家、小说家均无独传。
(2)北宋王溥所纂《唐会要》卷三十六有云,唐宣宗大中五年十二月,太子詹事姚康“撰《帝王政统》十卷上之”。核之《旧唐书·宣宗纪》,“政统”乃“政纂”之讹。[宋]王溥撰,《唐会要》卷三十六,北京:中华书局,1955年版,第662页。