发酵玉米-豆粕型全价饲料对生长猪生长性能、粪便臭味物质和菌群区系的影响
|
摘要
旨在研究发酵全价饲料对生长猪生长性能、粪便臭味物质和肠道菌群的影响,评价发酵全价饲料在生长猪上的应用效果。试验以乳酸菌和地衣芽孢杆菌为发酵菌剂,对全价饲料进行3d厌氧发酵,制备发酵全价饲料。选取体重22kg左右的生长猪90头,随机分成3组,每组30头猪,分别饲喂无抗饲料、含抗生素饲料和发酵饲料,体重达到40kg左右时,测定各试验组动物的生长性能;采集新鲜粪便样品,采用气相色谱法测定粪便中挥发性臭味物质的含量;利用16S高通量测序技术,分析粪便菌群区系变化。结果显示:1)全价饲料经发酵后,粗脂肪含量显著升高(P<0.01),钙(P<0.01)和总磷(P<0.05)含量显著降低,pH显著降低(P<0.01),乳酸菌数量达到9.67lg cfu·g~(-1),乳酸含量达到421.67mmol·kg~(-1)。2)动物试验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂发酵饲料显著提高了生长猪的ADFI和ADG(P<0.05),降低了F/G和死淘率(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,发酵饲料显著提高了生长猪的ADFI(P<0.05)。3)饲喂发酵饲料组的猪粪便中吲哚含量显著降低(P<0.05),粪臭素和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量降低,甲酚含量升高。4)发酵饲料还提高了生长猪粪便菌群的丰度和和多样性,其中门Tenericutes、Saccharibacteria,属Clostridium、Turicibacter、Mollicutes、Anaerostipes、Acetitomaculum的相对丰度升高;属Lactobacillus、Streptococcus、Rikenellaceae、Megasphaera、Oscillospira、Mitsuokella、Prevotella的相对丰度降低。综上,发酵全价饲料提高了生长猪的生长性能,降低了粪便中吲哚、粪臭素以及挥发性脂肪酸的含量,提高了粪便中对甲酚的含量,改变了粪便微生物区系。
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented complete feed(FCF)on the growth performance,odor concentration and bacterial community in faeces of growing pigs,and evaluate the application effect of FCF in pigs.Complete feed was anaerobic fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus brevis for 3 days.90 pigs with the about initial weight 22 kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatment groups(antibiotic-free feed group,antibiotic feed group and FCF group)of 30 each.At the end of the experiment(body weight of pigs was up to about40 kg),the growth performance of pigs was measured and analyzed.The fresh stool sample was collected from each group to determine the odor concentration by gas chromatography.Additionally,the bacterial community was assayed by using the high-throughout DNA sequencing.The results showed that:1)Fermentation of complete feed significantly increased the fat content in feed(P<0.01)and decreased the calcium content(P<0.01),total phosphorus content(P<0.05)and pH(P<0.01).The number of lactic acid bacteria in the FCF was up to 9.67 lg cfu·g~(-1) and lactic acid content was up to 421.67 mmol·kg~(-1).2)Data from the animal experiment indicated that FCF feeding raised the ADFI and ADG of pigs(P<0.05),and reduced the F/G and mortality(P<0.05)compared with the antibiotic-free group.The ADFI of FCF-fed pigs was higher than that of antibiotic-fed pigs(P<0.05).3)In addition,the indole content in pig faeces was decreased(P<0.05)by the CFC feeding.The skatole and VFA contents showed a similar decreased tendency,however,the p-cresol content showed a rising tendency in FCF group.4)Importantly,the richness and diversity of faeces bacterial community were improved by the CFC feeding.The relative abundances of phyla including Tenericutes and Saccharibacteria,genera including Clostridium,Turicibacter,Mollicutes,Anaerostipes,Acetitomaculum increased;while the relative abundances of genera including Lactobacillus,Streptococcus,Rikenellaceae,Megasphaera,Oscillospira,Mitsuokella,Prevotella reduced.In conclusion,FCF could improve the growth performance of pigs and the content of p-cresol in faeces,while reduce the content of indole,skatole and VFA in faeces and change the bacterial community in faeces.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented complete feed(FCF)on the growth performance,odor concentration and bacterial community in faeces of growing pigs,and evaluate the application effect of FCF in pigs.Complete feed was anaerobic fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus brevis for 3 days.90 pigs with the about initial weight 22 kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatment groups(antibiotic-free feed group,antibiotic feed group and FCF group)of 30 each.At the end of the experiment(body weight of pigs was up to about40 kg),the growth performance of pigs was measured and analyzed.The fresh stool sample was collected from each group to determine the odor concentration by gas chromatography.Additionally,the bacterial community was assayed by using the high-throughout DNA sequencing.The results showed that:1)Fermentation of complete feed significantly increased the fat content in feed(P<0.01)and decreased the calcium content(P<0.01),total phosphorus content(P<0.05)and pH(P<0.01).The number of lactic acid bacteria in the FCF was up to 9.67 lg cfu·g~(-1) and lactic acid content was up to 421.67 mmol·kg~(-1).2)Data from the animal experiment indicated that FCF feeding raised the ADFI and ADG of pigs(P<0.05),and reduced the F/G and mortality(P<0.05)compared with the antibiotic-free group.The ADFI of FCF-fed pigs was higher than that of antibiotic-fed pigs(P<0.05).3)In addition,the indole content in pig faeces was decreased(P<0.05)by the CFC feeding.The skatole and VFA contents showed a similar decreased tendency,however,the p-cresol content showed a rising tendency in FCF group.4)Importantly,the richness and diversity of faeces bacterial community were improved by the CFC feeding.The relative abundances of phyla including Tenericutes and Saccharibacteria,genera including Clostridium,Turicibacter,Mollicutes,Anaerostipes,Acetitomaculum increased;while the relative abundances of genera including Lactobacillus,Streptococcus,Rikenellaceae,Megasphaera,Oscillospira,Mitsuokella,Prevotella reduced.In conclusion,FCF could improve the growth performance of pigs and the content of p-cresol in faeces,while reduce the content of indole,skatole and VFA in faeces and change the bacterial community in faeces.
引文
[1]YANG X J,TENG D,WANG X M,et al.Enhancement of nutritional and antioxidant properties of peanut meal by bio-modification with Bacillus licheniformis[J].Appl Biochem Biotechnol,2016,180(6):1227-1242.
[2]BROOKS P H.Fermented liquid feed for pigs[J].CAB Rev:Perspect Agric,Vet Sci,Nutr Nat Resour,2008,3(73):437-466.
[3]NEISH A S.Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease[J].Gastroenterology,2009,136(1):65-80.
[4]ITO T,MIYAMOTO H,KUMAGAI Y,et al.Thermophile-fermented compost extract as a possible feed additive to enhance fecundity in the laying hen and pig:modulation of gut metabolism[J].J Biosci Bioeng,2016,121(6):659-664.
[5]聂存喜,张文举,闫理东,等.基于棉籽粕源发酵饲料的鸡血浆代谢组学研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(5):737-744.NIE C X,ZHANG W J,YAN L D,et al.A metabolomics study on chicken plasma based on fermented feed from cottonseed meal mixed substrate[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(5):737-744.(in Chinese)
[6]IL K K,JIN H S,JUN C S,et al.Process for preparing fermented soybean meal:US,US2016015055[P].2016-01-21.
[7]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and feed quality testing technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[8]万楚筠,钮琰星,黄凤洪,等.对羟基联苯比色法测定乳酸显色反应条件的研究[J].食品工业科技,2013,34(7):322-324,353.WAN C Y,NIU Y X,HUANG F H,et al.Study on chromogenic reaction conditions of lactic acid determination by p-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2013,34(7):322-324,353.(in Chinese)
[9]宋凡.气相色谱法快速测定猪排泄物中吲哚和3-甲基吲哚含量[J].饲料与畜牧,2014(5):35-37.SONG F.Rapid determination of indole and 3-methylindole content in swine excreta by gas chromatography[J].Feed and Husbandry,2014(5):35-37.(in Chinese)
[10]龙黎明,毛胜勇,苏勇,等.一株瘤胃源乳酸利用菌的分离鉴定及其体外代谢特性[J].微生物学报,2008,48(12):1571-1577.LONG L M,MAO S Y,SU Y,et al.Isolation and in vitro metabolic characterization of a lactate-utilizing bacterium from goat rumen[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,2008,48(12):1571-1577.(in Chinese)
[11]XU N,TAN G C,WANG H Y,et al.Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching,microbial biomass and bacterial community structure[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2016,74:1-8.
[12]MISSOTTEN J A,MICHIELS J,DEGROOTE J,et al.Fermented liquid feed for pigs:an ancient technique for the future[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2015,6(1):4.
[13]BEAL J D,NIVEN S J,CAMPBELL A,et al.The effect of temperature on the growth and persistence of Salmonella in fermented liquid pig feed[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2002,79(1-2):99-104.
[14]LINDGREN S E,DOBROGOSZ W J.Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed fermentations[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,1990,7(1-2):149-164.
[15]NIVEN S J,BEAL J D,BROOKS P H.The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2006,129(3-4):304-315.
[16]CANIBE N,JENSEN B B.饲料加工方式对发酵过程中游离赖氨酸微生物降解的影响[J].张兰兰,刘洁,译.饲料与畜牧,2010(9):53-55.CANIBE N,JENSEN B B.The effect of artifactitious pattern of the feed,on the biodegradation of free amino acid during the in fermentation processes[J].ZHANG L L,LIU J,Trans.Feed and Husbandry,2010(9):53-55.(in Chinese)
[17]王金全,周岩华,蔡辉益.国际猪液体饲喂研究进展[J].养猪,2009(4):11-14.WANG J Q,ZHOU Y H,CAI H Y.Research progress of fermented liquid feed in the world[J].Swine Production,2009(4):11-14.(in Chinese)
[18]RUSSELL P J,GEARY T M,BROOKS P H,et al.Performance,water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed[J].J Sci Food Agr,1996,72(1):8-16.
[19]ROTH F X,KIRCHGESSNER M.Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs:nutritional and gastrointestinal effects[J].J Anim Feed Sci,1998,7(S1):25-33.
[20]马广,欧阳张智,廖秀冬,等.复合菌固态发酵全价饲料对猪生产性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(1):19-23.MA G,OUYANG Z Z,LIAO X D,et al.Effect of complete feed of solid state fermentation by compound bacteria on production performance in pig[J].Feed Industry,2015,36(1):19-23.(in Chinese)
[21]HOBBS P J,PAIN B F,KAY R M,et al.Reduction of odorous compounds in fresh pig slurry by dietary control of crude protein[J].J Sci Food Agr,1996,71(4):508-514.
[22]李峰,张可,金鑫,等.武汉亮斑水虻对猪粪的除臭功能研究[J].化学与生物工程,2016,33(7):28-33.LI F,ZHANG K,JIN X,et al.Research on swine manure deodorization by larvae of black soldier fly Wuhan strain[J].Chemistry&Bioengineering,2016,33(7):28-33.(in Chinese)
[23]曾正清,孙振钧,VAN KEMPEN T,等.牛粪和蚯蚓粪对猪排泄物中臭气化合物产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(3):37-42.ZENG Z Q,SUN Z J,VAN KEMPEN T,et al.Effect of cattle feces and wormcompost supplementation on odor compounds in pig slurry[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2003,8(3):37-42.(in Chinese)
[24]COTILLARD A,KENNEDY S P,KONG L C,et al.Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness[J].Nature,2013,500(7464):585-588.
[25]MORAN C A,SCHOLTEN R H J,TRICARICO J M,et al.Fermentation of wheat:effects of backslopping different proportions of pre-fermented wheat on the microbialand chemical composition[J].Arch Anim Nutr,2006,60(2):158-169.
[26]DEMECKOVAV,KELLY D,COUTTS A G P,et al.The effect of fermented liquid feeding on the faecal microbiology and colostrum quality of farrowing sows[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2002,79(1-2):85-97.
[2]BROOKS P H.Fermented liquid feed for pigs[J].CAB Rev:Perspect Agric,Vet Sci,Nutr Nat Resour,2008,3(73):437-466.
[3]NEISH A S.Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease[J].Gastroenterology,2009,136(1):65-80.
[4]ITO T,MIYAMOTO H,KUMAGAI Y,et al.Thermophile-fermented compost extract as a possible feed additive to enhance fecundity in the laying hen and pig:modulation of gut metabolism[J].J Biosci Bioeng,2016,121(6):659-664.
[5]聂存喜,张文举,闫理东,等.基于棉籽粕源发酵饲料的鸡血浆代谢组学研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(5):737-744.NIE C X,ZHANG W J,YAN L D,et al.A metabolomics study on chicken plasma based on fermented feed from cottonseed meal mixed substrate[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(5):737-744.(in Chinese)
[6]IL K K,JIN H S,JUN C S,et al.Process for preparing fermented soybean meal:US,US2016015055[P].2016-01-21.
[7]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and feed quality testing technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[8]万楚筠,钮琰星,黄凤洪,等.对羟基联苯比色法测定乳酸显色反应条件的研究[J].食品工业科技,2013,34(7):322-324,353.WAN C Y,NIU Y X,HUANG F H,et al.Study on chromogenic reaction conditions of lactic acid determination by p-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2013,34(7):322-324,353.(in Chinese)
[9]宋凡.气相色谱法快速测定猪排泄物中吲哚和3-甲基吲哚含量[J].饲料与畜牧,2014(5):35-37.SONG F.Rapid determination of indole and 3-methylindole content in swine excreta by gas chromatography[J].Feed and Husbandry,2014(5):35-37.(in Chinese)
[10]龙黎明,毛胜勇,苏勇,等.一株瘤胃源乳酸利用菌的分离鉴定及其体外代谢特性[J].微生物学报,2008,48(12):1571-1577.LONG L M,MAO S Y,SU Y,et al.Isolation and in vitro metabolic characterization of a lactate-utilizing bacterium from goat rumen[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,2008,48(12):1571-1577.(in Chinese)
[11]XU N,TAN G C,WANG H Y,et al.Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching,microbial biomass and bacterial community structure[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2016,74:1-8.
[12]MISSOTTEN J A,MICHIELS J,DEGROOTE J,et al.Fermented liquid feed for pigs:an ancient technique for the future[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2015,6(1):4.
[13]BEAL J D,NIVEN S J,CAMPBELL A,et al.The effect of temperature on the growth and persistence of Salmonella in fermented liquid pig feed[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2002,79(1-2):99-104.
[14]LINDGREN S E,DOBROGOSZ W J.Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed fermentations[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,1990,7(1-2):149-164.
[15]NIVEN S J,BEAL J D,BROOKS P H.The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2006,129(3-4):304-315.
[16]CANIBE N,JENSEN B B.饲料加工方式对发酵过程中游离赖氨酸微生物降解的影响[J].张兰兰,刘洁,译.饲料与畜牧,2010(9):53-55.CANIBE N,JENSEN B B.The effect of artifactitious pattern of the feed,on the biodegradation of free amino acid during the in fermentation processes[J].ZHANG L L,LIU J,Trans.Feed and Husbandry,2010(9):53-55.(in Chinese)
[17]王金全,周岩华,蔡辉益.国际猪液体饲喂研究进展[J].养猪,2009(4):11-14.WANG J Q,ZHOU Y H,CAI H Y.Research progress of fermented liquid feed in the world[J].Swine Production,2009(4):11-14.(in Chinese)
[18]RUSSELL P J,GEARY T M,BROOKS P H,et al.Performance,water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed[J].J Sci Food Agr,1996,72(1):8-16.
[19]ROTH F X,KIRCHGESSNER M.Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs:nutritional and gastrointestinal effects[J].J Anim Feed Sci,1998,7(S1):25-33.
[20]马广,欧阳张智,廖秀冬,等.复合菌固态发酵全价饲料对猪生产性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(1):19-23.MA G,OUYANG Z Z,LIAO X D,et al.Effect of complete feed of solid state fermentation by compound bacteria on production performance in pig[J].Feed Industry,2015,36(1):19-23.(in Chinese)
[21]HOBBS P J,PAIN B F,KAY R M,et al.Reduction of odorous compounds in fresh pig slurry by dietary control of crude protein[J].J Sci Food Agr,1996,71(4):508-514.
[22]李峰,张可,金鑫,等.武汉亮斑水虻对猪粪的除臭功能研究[J].化学与生物工程,2016,33(7):28-33.LI F,ZHANG K,JIN X,et al.Research on swine manure deodorization by larvae of black soldier fly Wuhan strain[J].Chemistry&Bioengineering,2016,33(7):28-33.(in Chinese)
[23]曾正清,孙振钧,VAN KEMPEN T,等.牛粪和蚯蚓粪对猪排泄物中臭气化合物产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(3):37-42.ZENG Z Q,SUN Z J,VAN KEMPEN T,et al.Effect of cattle feces and wormcompost supplementation on odor compounds in pig slurry[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2003,8(3):37-42.(in Chinese)
[24]COTILLARD A,KENNEDY S P,KONG L C,et al.Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness[J].Nature,2013,500(7464):585-588.
[25]MORAN C A,SCHOLTEN R H J,TRICARICO J M,et al.Fermentation of wheat:effects of backslopping different proportions of pre-fermented wheat on the microbialand chemical composition[J].Arch Anim Nutr,2006,60(2):158-169.
[26]DEMECKOVAV,KELLY D,COUTTS A G P,et al.The effect of fermented liquid feeding on the faecal microbiology and colostrum quality of farrowing sows[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2002,79(1-2):85-97.