环境分权、环境规制与工业污染治理效率
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摘要
本文以2008—2015年中国30个省级行政区(西藏和港澳台除外)的面板数据,利用Tobit模型实证分析环境分权作用下环境规制对工业污染治理效率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)环境行政分权、环境监察分权、环境监测分权等在提高工业污染治理效率方面产生了积极作用;环境规制与工业污染治理效率之间呈现出显著的"U"型关系。(2)随着地方政府环境行政权、环境监察权和环境监测权的扩大,环境污染治理的自主选择权提高,导致环境规制对工业污染治理效率产生了显著的抑制作用。(3)在空间异质性方面,经济较发达地区的环境分权有助于强化环境规制对工业污染治理效率的积极作用,而经济欠发达地区则与之相反;低排放强度地区的环境行政分权、环境监察分权、环境监测分权与环境规制的交叉项对工业污染治理效率的影响并不显著,而在高排放强度地区却呈现出显著的抑制作用。对此,应在提高环境分权程度的同时加大中央对地方的环保督查力度;制定差异化的环境分权策略;处理好不同层级政府间财政分权与环境分权之间的关系。
Based on the panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions(except for Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) in China from 2008 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control under the effect of environmental decentralization. The results show that:(1) Environmental administrative decentralization, environmental monitoring decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization have played a positive role in improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control; there is a significant "U" relationship between environmental regulation and industrial pollution control efficiency.(2) With the expansion of local government's environmental administrative power, environmental monitoring power and environmental survey power, the autonomous choice of environmental pollution control has been improved, which leads to the significant inhibition of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control.(3) In terms of spatial heterogeneity, environmental decentralization in economically developed areas helps to strengthen the positive effect of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control, whereas the opposite is true in economically underdeveloped areas; The effect of the intersection of environmental administrative decentralization, environmental monitoring decentralization, environmental survey decentralization and environmental regulation in low emission intensity areas on industrial pollution control efficiency is not significant, but in areas with high emission intensity, it shows a significant inhibitory effect. In this regard, we should enhance the degree of environmental decentralization while strengthening the central supervision of local environmental protection; formulate differentiated strategies for environmental decentralization; and deal well with the relationship between fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization among different levels of governments.
Based on the panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions(except for Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) in China from 2008 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control under the effect of environmental decentralization. The results show that:(1) Environmental administrative decentralization, environmental monitoring decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization have played a positive role in improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control; there is a significant "U" relationship between environmental regulation and industrial pollution control efficiency.(2) With the expansion of local government's environmental administrative power, environmental monitoring power and environmental survey power, the autonomous choice of environmental pollution control has been improved, which leads to the significant inhibition of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control.(3) In terms of spatial heterogeneity, environmental decentralization in economically developed areas helps to strengthen the positive effect of environmental regulation on the efficiency of industrial pollution control, whereas the opposite is true in economically underdeveloped areas; The effect of the intersection of environmental administrative decentralization, environmental monitoring decentralization, environmental survey decentralization and environmental regulation in low emission intensity areas on industrial pollution control efficiency is not significant, but in areas with high emission intensity, it shows a significant inhibitory effect. In this regard, we should enhance the degree of environmental decentralization while strengthening the central supervision of local environmental protection; formulate differentiated strategies for environmental decentralization; and deal well with the relationship between fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization among different levels of governments.
引文
[1] 白俊红,聂亮.环境分权是否真的加剧了雾霾污染?[J].中国人口资源与环境,2017(12):59-69.
[2] Oates W E.A reconsideration of environmental federalism [M].Washington,DC:Resources for the Future,2001:54.
[3] 盛巧燕,周勤.环境分权、政府层级与治理绩效 [J].南京社会科学,2017(4):20-26.
[4] Kolstad C D.Learning and stock effects in environmental regulation:The case of greenhouse gas emission [J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1996,31(1):1-18.
[5] 李胜兰,初善冰,申晨.地方政府竞争、环境规制与区域生态效率 [J].世界经济,2014(4):88-110.
[6] 王兵,吴延瑞,颜鹏飞.中国区域环境效率与环境全要素生产率增长 [J].经济研究,2010(5):95-109.
[7] Zhao X,Yin H,Zhao Y.Impact of environmental regulations on the efficiency and CO2 emissions of power plants in China [J].Applied Energy,2015,149(7):238-247.
[8] Pan X,Ai B,Li C,et al.Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation,technological innovation and energy efficiency based on large scale provincial panel data in China [EB/OL].Technological Forecasting & Social Change,Available online 29 December 2017.http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=1f7a2b22f2151439580b265 d1b824308&site=xueshu_se.
[9] 黄国庆.基于SBM方法的我国区域环境效率测度及空间效应 [J].求索,2013(2):14-17.
[10] Bi G,Song W,Zhou P,et al.Does environmental regulation affect energy efficiency in China’s thermal power generation?Empirical evidence from a slacks-based DEA model [J].Energy Policy,2014,66(10):537-546.
[11] 林伯强,刘泓汛.对外贸易是否有利于提高能源环境效率——以中国工业行业为例 [J].经济研究,2015(9):127-141.
[12] 宋马林,王舒鸿.环境规制、技术进步与经济增长 [J].经济研究,2013(3):122-134.
[13] 徐成龙,任建兰,程钰.山东省环境规制效率时空格局演变及影响因素 [J].经济地理,2014(12):35-40.
[14] Li Y,Li Y,Wu W.Threshold and resilience management of coupled urbanization and water environmental system in the rapidly changing coastal region [J].Environmental Pollution,2016,208(1):87-95.
[15] Liao Z.Content analysis of China’s environmental policy instruments on promoting firms’ environmental innovation [J].Environmental Science & Policy,2018,88(10):46-51.
[16] 沈能.环境效率、行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验 [J].中国工业经济,2012(3):56-68.
[17] 李谷成,范丽霞,闵锐.资源、环境与农业发展的协调性——基于环境规制的省级农业环境效率排名 [J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(10):21-36+49.
[18] Magnani E.The environmental Kuznets Curve,environmental protection and income distribution [J].Ecological economics,2000,32(3):431-443.
[19] Millimet D L.Assessing the empirical impact of environmental federalism [J].Journal of Regional Science,2003,43(4):711-733.
[20] 李强.河长制视域下环境分权的减排效应研究 [J].产业经济研究,2018(3):53-63.
[21] 黄清煌,高明,吴玉.环境规制工具对中国经济增长的影响——基于环境分权的门槛效应分析 [J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2017(3):33-42.
[22] 陆远权,张德钢.环境分权、市场分割与碳排放 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2016(6):107-115.
[23] 胡小梅.中国式分权、文化非正式制度与环境污染关系的实证 [J].统计与决策,2018(15):98-102.
[24] Thompson D.Community adaptations to environmental challenges under decentralized governance in southwestern Uruguay [J].Journal of Rural Studies,2016,43(2):71-82.
[25] Helland E,Whitfoed A B.Pollution incidence and political jurisdiction:evidence from the TRI [J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2002,46(3):403-424.
[26] 李强.环境分权与企业全要素生产率——基于我国制造业微观数据的分析 [J].财经研究,2017(3):133-145.
[27] 张华,丰超,刘贯春.中国式环境联邦主义:环境分权对碳排放的影响研究 [J].财经研究,2017(9):33-49.
[28] 彭星.环境分权有利于中国工业绿色转型吗?——产业结构升级视角下的动态空间效应检验 [J].产业经济研究,2016(2):21-31+110.
[29] D’Amato A,Mazzanti M,Nicolli F,et al.Illegal waste disposal:Enforcement actions and decentralized environmental policy [J].Socio-Economic Planning Sciences,Available online,2018.
[30] 曾贤刚.中国区域环境效率及其影响因素 [J].经济理论与经济管理,2011(10):103-110.
[31] 田伟,杨璐嘉,姜静.低碳视角下中国农业环境效率的测算与分析——基于非期望产出的SBM模型 [J].中国农村观察,2014(5):59-71+95.
[32] 祁毓,卢洪友,徐彦坤.中国环境分权体制改革研究:制度变迁、数量测算与效应评估 [J].中国工业经济,2014(1):31-43.
[33] 陆远权,张德钢.环境分权、市场分割与碳排放 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2016(6):107-115.
[34] 李小平,卢现祥,陶小琴.环境规制强度是否影响了中国工业行业的贸易比较优势 [J].世界经济,2012(4):62-78.
[35] 原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验 [J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[36] 周五七,聂鸣.中国工业碳排放效率的区域差异研究——基于非参数前沿的实证分析 [J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(9):58-70+161.
[37] 张子龙,薛冰,陈兴鹏,李勇进.中国工业环境效率及其空间差异的收敛性 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2015(2):30-38.
[38] 申晨,李胜兰,代丹丹.中国省际工业环境效率区域差异及动态演进 [J].统计与决策,2017(1):121-126.
[39] 蒋震.工业化水平、地方政府努力与土地财政:对中国土地财政的一个分析视角 [J].中国工业经济,2014(10):33-45.
[40] 吴延瑞.生产率对中国经济增长的贡献:新的估计 [J].经济学(季刊),2008(3):827-842.
① 资料来源于《2018年中国工业污染治理行业发展趋势及市场前景预测》。
② 数据来源于国家统计局网站。
(1)在此考虑了资本折旧,采用吴延瑞等(2008)计算的资本折旧率对数据进行处理。
(2)地方环保系统人员数量的相关数据来源于《中国环境年鉴》,目前统计数据只更新到2015年。
(3)鉴于篇幅有限,在此只将重要变量回归结果作了展示。
[2] Oates W E.A reconsideration of environmental federalism [M].Washington,DC:Resources for the Future,2001:54.
[3] 盛巧燕,周勤.环境分权、政府层级与治理绩效 [J].南京社会科学,2017(4):20-26.
[4] Kolstad C D.Learning and stock effects in environmental regulation:The case of greenhouse gas emission [J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1996,31(1):1-18.
[5] 李胜兰,初善冰,申晨.地方政府竞争、环境规制与区域生态效率 [J].世界经济,2014(4):88-110.
[6] 王兵,吴延瑞,颜鹏飞.中国区域环境效率与环境全要素生产率增长 [J].经济研究,2010(5):95-109.
[7] Zhao X,Yin H,Zhao Y.Impact of environmental regulations on the efficiency and CO2 emissions of power plants in China [J].Applied Energy,2015,149(7):238-247.
[8] Pan X,Ai B,Li C,et al.Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation,technological innovation and energy efficiency based on large scale provincial panel data in China [EB/OL].Technological Forecasting & Social Change,Available online 29 December 2017.http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=1f7a2b22f2151439580b265 d1b824308&site=xueshu_se.
[9] 黄国庆.基于SBM方法的我国区域环境效率测度及空间效应 [J].求索,2013(2):14-17.
[10] Bi G,Song W,Zhou P,et al.Does environmental regulation affect energy efficiency in China’s thermal power generation?Empirical evidence from a slacks-based DEA model [J].Energy Policy,2014,66(10):537-546.
[11] 林伯强,刘泓汛.对外贸易是否有利于提高能源环境效率——以中国工业行业为例 [J].经济研究,2015(9):127-141.
[12] 宋马林,王舒鸿.环境规制、技术进步与经济增长 [J].经济研究,2013(3):122-134.
[13] 徐成龙,任建兰,程钰.山东省环境规制效率时空格局演变及影响因素 [J].经济地理,2014(12):35-40.
[14] Li Y,Li Y,Wu W.Threshold and resilience management of coupled urbanization and water environmental system in the rapidly changing coastal region [J].Environmental Pollution,2016,208(1):87-95.
[15] Liao Z.Content analysis of China’s environmental policy instruments on promoting firms’ environmental innovation [J].Environmental Science & Policy,2018,88(10):46-51.
[16] 沈能.环境效率、行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验 [J].中国工业经济,2012(3):56-68.
[17] 李谷成,范丽霞,闵锐.资源、环境与农业发展的协调性——基于环境规制的省级农业环境效率排名 [J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(10):21-36+49.
[18] Magnani E.The environmental Kuznets Curve,environmental protection and income distribution [J].Ecological economics,2000,32(3):431-443.
[19] Millimet D L.Assessing the empirical impact of environmental federalism [J].Journal of Regional Science,2003,43(4):711-733.
[20] 李强.河长制视域下环境分权的减排效应研究 [J].产业经济研究,2018(3):53-63.
[21] 黄清煌,高明,吴玉.环境规制工具对中国经济增长的影响——基于环境分权的门槛效应分析 [J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2017(3):33-42.
[22] 陆远权,张德钢.环境分权、市场分割与碳排放 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2016(6):107-115.
[23] 胡小梅.中国式分权、文化非正式制度与环境污染关系的实证 [J].统计与决策,2018(15):98-102.
[24] Thompson D.Community adaptations to environmental challenges under decentralized governance in southwestern Uruguay [J].Journal of Rural Studies,2016,43(2):71-82.
[25] Helland E,Whitfoed A B.Pollution incidence and political jurisdiction:evidence from the TRI [J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2002,46(3):403-424.
[26] 李强.环境分权与企业全要素生产率——基于我国制造业微观数据的分析 [J].财经研究,2017(3):133-145.
[27] 张华,丰超,刘贯春.中国式环境联邦主义:环境分权对碳排放的影响研究 [J].财经研究,2017(9):33-49.
[28] 彭星.环境分权有利于中国工业绿色转型吗?——产业结构升级视角下的动态空间效应检验 [J].产业经济研究,2016(2):21-31+110.
[29] D’Amato A,Mazzanti M,Nicolli F,et al.Illegal waste disposal:Enforcement actions and decentralized environmental policy [J].Socio-Economic Planning Sciences,Available online,2018.
[30] 曾贤刚.中国区域环境效率及其影响因素 [J].经济理论与经济管理,2011(10):103-110.
[31] 田伟,杨璐嘉,姜静.低碳视角下中国农业环境效率的测算与分析——基于非期望产出的SBM模型 [J].中国农村观察,2014(5):59-71+95.
[32] 祁毓,卢洪友,徐彦坤.中国环境分权体制改革研究:制度变迁、数量测算与效应评估 [J].中国工业经济,2014(1):31-43.
[33] 陆远权,张德钢.环境分权、市场分割与碳排放 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2016(6):107-115.
[34] 李小平,卢现祥,陶小琴.环境规制强度是否影响了中国工业行业的贸易比较优势 [J].世界经济,2012(4):62-78.
[35] 原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验 [J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[36] 周五七,聂鸣.中国工业碳排放效率的区域差异研究——基于非参数前沿的实证分析 [J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(9):58-70+161.
[37] 张子龙,薛冰,陈兴鹏,李勇进.中国工业环境效率及其空间差异的收敛性 [J].中国人口资源与环境,2015(2):30-38.
[38] 申晨,李胜兰,代丹丹.中国省际工业环境效率区域差异及动态演进 [J].统计与决策,2017(1):121-126.
[39] 蒋震.工业化水平、地方政府努力与土地财政:对中国土地财政的一个分析视角 [J].中国工业经济,2014(10):33-45.
[40] 吴延瑞.生产率对中国经济增长的贡献:新的估计 [J].经济学(季刊),2008(3):827-842.
① 资料来源于《2018年中国工业污染治理行业发展趋势及市场前景预测》。
② 数据来源于国家统计局网站。
(1)在此考虑了资本折旧,采用吴延瑞等(2008)计算的资本折旧率对数据进行处理。
(2)地方环保系统人员数量的相关数据来源于《中国环境年鉴》,目前统计数据只更新到2015年。
(3)鉴于篇幅有限,在此只将重要变量回归结果作了展示。