室内激光打印机污染物的释放特性
|
摘要
[目的]对办公场所激光打印机工作所产生的颗粒物、臭氧、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的空气污染水平和各类污染物随时间的衰减规律进行研究。[方法]使用纳米粒子粒径谱仪、超细粒子计数器、双紫外光臭氧检测仪、挥发性有机物检测仪对山东省某办公场所三个品牌的打印机工作时产生的颗粒物、臭氧、TVOC的水平以及颗粒物粒径分布进行检测。[结果]打印机工作时产生的颗粒物水平(34 783个/m~3)远远大于室内空气的本底值(6 843个/m~3),空气中的臭氧(0.38 mg/m~3)和TVOC(2.38 mg/m~3)水平的均值均超过了GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》的限值(臭氧:0.16 mg/m~3;TVOC:0.60 mg/m~3)。打印机产生的颗粒物以超细颗粒物为主(粒径范围为10~238 nm),其中49 nm粒径以下颗粒占总颗粒数的比例超过了37%,116 nm粒径以下颗粒占总颗粒数的比例超过92%。打印工作结束后的2~3 min内,颗粒物、臭氧水平降低到接近环境本底的水平;TVOC衰减较慢,10 min后水平仍维持在较高水平(0.14~0.19 mg/m~3)。[结论]打印机产生的颗粒物以粒径<116 nm为主。随着打印机工作量的增加,其产生的颗粒数、臭氧和TVOC水平增加。打印机产生的颗粒物和臭氧水平的衰减较快,TVOC的水平衰减相对较慢,对室内空气质量有长时间的不良影响。
[Objective] To investigate the levels of indoor air pollutants,including particles,ozone,and total volatile organic compounds(TVOC),released from laser printers and the attenuation patterns of the pollutants over time during printing process in workplaces.[Methods] Particles,ozone,and TVOC produced during printing process by three selected brands of laser printers were detected by ultrafine particle counter,ozone monitor,and VOC monitor,respectively.The distribution of particle size was also described with nanoparticle sizer at the same time.[Results] The selected laser printers produced a higher concentration of particles during printing process(34 783 particles/m~3) than the indoor background concentration(6 843 particles/m~3).Both the average concentrations of ozone(0.38 mg/m~3) and TVOC(2.38 mg/m~3) exceeded the threshold values(ozone:0.16 mg/m~3; TVOC:0.60 mg/m~3) stipulated by the national Indoor air quality standard(GB/T 18883-2002).Ultrafine particles with a size range of 10-238 nm composed the majority of particles released from the printers,of which the particles size less than 49 nm and less than 116 nm accounted for more than 37% and 92% of the total particles,respectively.In addition,the concentrations of particles and ozone returned to the level of environmental background 2-3 min after the end of printing.The attenuation of TVOC was slower and its concentration remained at a high level after 10 min following the end of printing(0.14-0.19 mg/m~3).[Conclusion] The sizes of particles produced by selected laser printers are mainly under 116 nm.Along with increasing printing workloads,all the concentrations of particles,ozone,and TVOC are increased.The concentrations of particles and ozone attenuate quickly,but the concentration of TVOC attenuates slowly and has a long-time adverse effect on indoor air quality.
[Objective] To investigate the levels of indoor air pollutants,including particles,ozone,and total volatile organic compounds(TVOC),released from laser printers and the attenuation patterns of the pollutants over time during printing process in workplaces.[Methods] Particles,ozone,and TVOC produced during printing process by three selected brands of laser printers were detected by ultrafine particle counter,ozone monitor,and VOC monitor,respectively.The distribution of particle size was also described with nanoparticle sizer at the same time.[Results] The selected laser printers produced a higher concentration of particles during printing process(34 783 particles/m~3) than the indoor background concentration(6 843 particles/m~3).Both the average concentrations of ozone(0.38 mg/m~3) and TVOC(2.38 mg/m~3) exceeded the threshold values(ozone:0.16 mg/m~3; TVOC:0.60 mg/m~3) stipulated by the national Indoor air quality standard(GB/T 18883-2002).Ultrafine particles with a size range of 10-238 nm composed the majority of particles released from the printers,of which the particles size less than 49 nm and less than 116 nm accounted for more than 37% and 92% of the total particles,respectively.In addition,the concentrations of particles and ozone returned to the level of environmental background 2-3 min after the end of printing.The attenuation of TVOC was slower and its concentration remained at a high level after 10 min following the end of printing(0.14-0.19 mg/m~3).[Conclusion] The sizes of particles produced by selected laser printers are mainly under 116 nm.Along with increasing printing workloads,all the concentrations of particles,ozone,and TVOC are increased.The concentrations of particles and ozone attenuate quickly,but the concentration of TVOC attenuates slowly and has a long-time adverse effect on indoor air quality.
引文
[1]Tang T,Hurra?J,Gminski R,et al.Fine and ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers as indoor air contaminants in German offices[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res,2012,19(9):3840-3849.
[2]Wang H,He C R,Morawska L,et al.Ozone-initiated particle formation,particle aging,and precursors in a laser printer[J].Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(2):704-712.
[3]Jaakkola M S,Jaakkola J J K.Office equipment and supplies:A modern occupational health concern?[J].Am J Epidemiol,1999,150(11):1223-1228.
[4]Terunuma N,Kurosaki S,Kitamura H,et al.Cross-sectional study on respiratory effect of toner exposure[J].Hum Exp Toxicol,2009,28(6/7):325-330.
[5]Gallardo M,Romero P,Sanchez-Quevedo MC,et al.Siderosilicosis due to photocopier toner dust[J].Lancet,1994,344(8919):412-413.
[6]Bar-Sela S,Shoenfeld Y.Photocopy machines and occupational antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Israel Med Assoc J,2008,10(1):52-54.
[7]Theegarten D,Boukercha S,Philippou S,et al.Submesothelial deposition of carbon nanoparticles after toner exposition:Case report[J].Diagn Pathol,2010,5(11):77-81.
[8]Kagi N,Fujii S,Horiba Y,et al.Indoor air quality for chemical and ultrafine particle contaminants from printers[J].Build Environ,2007,42(5):1949-1954.
[9]Wensing M,Schripp T,Uhde E,et al.Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices:Sources,real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories[J].Sci Tot Environ,2008,407(1):418-427.
[10]Lee S C,Lam S,Kin F H.Characterization of VOCs,ozone,and PM10 emissions from office equipment in an environmental chamber[J].Build Environ,2001,36(7):837-842.
[11]朱维斌,胡楠,尹招琴.室内打印机颗粒污染物特性的测量与分析[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(5):104-107.
[12]室内空气质量标准:GB/T 18883—2002[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[13]Mc Garry P,Morawska L,He C R,et al.Exposure to particles from laser printers operating within office workplaces[J].Environ Sci Technol,2011,45(15):6444-6452.
[14]He C R,Morawska L,Taplin L.Particle emission characteristics of office printers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41(17):6039-6045.
[15]Morawska L,He C R,Johnson G,et al.An investigation into the characteristics and formation mechanisms of particles originating from the operation of laser printers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2009,43(4):1015-1022.
[2]Wang H,He C R,Morawska L,et al.Ozone-initiated particle formation,particle aging,and precursors in a laser printer[J].Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(2):704-712.
[3]Jaakkola M S,Jaakkola J J K.Office equipment and supplies:A modern occupational health concern?[J].Am J Epidemiol,1999,150(11):1223-1228.
[4]Terunuma N,Kurosaki S,Kitamura H,et al.Cross-sectional study on respiratory effect of toner exposure[J].Hum Exp Toxicol,2009,28(6/7):325-330.
[5]Gallardo M,Romero P,Sanchez-Quevedo MC,et al.Siderosilicosis due to photocopier toner dust[J].Lancet,1994,344(8919):412-413.
[6]Bar-Sela S,Shoenfeld Y.Photocopy machines and occupational antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Israel Med Assoc J,2008,10(1):52-54.
[7]Theegarten D,Boukercha S,Philippou S,et al.Submesothelial deposition of carbon nanoparticles after toner exposition:Case report[J].Diagn Pathol,2010,5(11):77-81.
[8]Kagi N,Fujii S,Horiba Y,et al.Indoor air quality for chemical and ultrafine particle contaminants from printers[J].Build Environ,2007,42(5):1949-1954.
[9]Wensing M,Schripp T,Uhde E,et al.Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices:Sources,real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories[J].Sci Tot Environ,2008,407(1):418-427.
[10]Lee S C,Lam S,Kin F H.Characterization of VOCs,ozone,and PM10 emissions from office equipment in an environmental chamber[J].Build Environ,2001,36(7):837-842.
[11]朱维斌,胡楠,尹招琴.室内打印机颗粒污染物特性的测量与分析[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(5):104-107.
[12]室内空气质量标准:GB/T 18883—2002[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[13]Mc Garry P,Morawska L,He C R,et al.Exposure to particles from laser printers operating within office workplaces[J].Environ Sci Technol,2011,45(15):6444-6452.
[14]He C R,Morawska L,Taplin L.Particle emission characteristics of office printers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41(17):6039-6045.
[15]Morawska L,He C R,Johnson G,et al.An investigation into the characteristics and formation mechanisms of particles originating from the operation of laser printers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2009,43(4):1015-1022.