沧州市春季NMHCs空间分布特征
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摘要
2015年春季在沧州市城区、郊区和潜在污染源附近选择了15个采样点进行同期采样.研究表明沧州市NMHCs总体上市区高于近郊及远郊区县;市区以高新区NMHCs浓度最高;郊县采样点除河间市略高外,其它采样点的浓度均明显低于市区浓度;机动车的道路排放是沧州市NMHCs的重要来源之一;沧州大化和沧州炼油在停产期间未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;大港油田采油三厂采取了较完善的油气回收措施,未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;平均来看,沧州市NMHCs中烷烃占65%,烯烃占16%,芳烃占19%;臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFPs)主要来源于二甲苯(19%)、乙烯(14%)、甲苯(11%)、丙烯(5%)、异戊烷(5%)和异戊烯(5%)等;气溶胶生成潜势(formation potential of secondary organic aerosol,SOAFPs)主要来源于甲苯(28%)、蒎烯(28%)、二甲苯(16%)、乙苯(9%)和苯(9%)等.
Simultaneous collections of non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) were carried out at 15 sampling sites including urban,suburb and potential pollution areas in Cangzhou City in spring 2015. The results showed that NMHCs were generally higher in urban areas than those in suburb and rural areas; the highest concentration of NMHCs was observed at Cangzhou High-tech zone(urban area); the concentrations of NMHCs were significantly lower at rural sites than in most urban sites except Hejian site; vehicular emissions were the main sources of NMHCs in Cangzhou; Cangzhou chemical fertilizer plant and Cangzhou oil refinery had no significant influence on urban NMHCs during their shutdown period; Dagang Oilfield,with better oil and gas recovery systems,did not have a significant impact on urban NMHCs. In general,alkanes,alkenes and aromatics accounted for 65%,16% and 19% of NMHCs in Cangzhou City,respectively; xylene(19%),ethylene(14%),toluene(11%),propylene(5%),isopentane(5%) and isopentene(5%) were the most dominant contributors to ozone formation potential; aerosol formation potential was mainly derived from toluene(28%),pinene(28%),xylene(16%),ethylbenzene(9%) and benzene(9%).
Simultaneous collections of non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) were carried out at 15 sampling sites including urban,suburb and potential pollution areas in Cangzhou City in spring 2015. The results showed that NMHCs were generally higher in urban areas than those in suburb and rural areas; the highest concentration of NMHCs was observed at Cangzhou High-tech zone(urban area); the concentrations of NMHCs were significantly lower at rural sites than in most urban sites except Hejian site; vehicular emissions were the main sources of NMHCs in Cangzhou; Cangzhou chemical fertilizer plant and Cangzhou oil refinery had no significant influence on urban NMHCs during their shutdown period; Dagang Oilfield,with better oil and gas recovery systems,did not have a significant impact on urban NMHCs. In general,alkanes,alkenes and aromatics accounted for 65%,16% and 19% of NMHCs in Cangzhou City,respectively; xylene(19%),ethylene(14%),toluene(11%),propylene(5%),isopentane(5%) and isopentene(5%) were the most dominant contributors to ozone formation potential; aerosol formation potential was mainly derived from toluene(28%),pinene(28%),xylene(16%),ethylbenzene(9%) and benzene(9%).
引文
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[16]周雪明,项萍,段菁春,等.佛山市冬夏季非甲烷烃污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4124-4132.Zhou X M,Xiang P,Duan J C,et al.Pollution characteristics of non-methane hydrocarbons during winter and summer in Foshan City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4124-4132.
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[21]Pandis S N,Harley R H,Cass G R,et al.Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1992,26(13):2269-2282.
[22]Strader R,Lurmann F,Pandis S N.Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(29):4849-4863.
[23]Hildemann L M,Rogge W F,Cass G R,et al.Contribution of primary aerosol emissions from vegetation-derived sources to fine particle concentrations in Los Angeles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(D14):19541-19549.
[24]Turpin B J,Huntzicker J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[25]Duan J C,Tan J H,Cheng D X,et al.Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in two largest cities in Pearl River Delta Region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(14):2895-2903.
[26]Grosjean D.In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode:estimated production and chemical functionality[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1992,26(6):953-963.
[27]Grosjean D,Seinfeld J H.Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment(1967),1989,23(8):1733-1747.
[28]Barthelmie R J,Pryor S C.Secondary organic aerosols:formation potential and ambient data[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,205(2-3):167-178.
[29]Dechapanya W,Russell M,Allen D T.Estimates of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in Houston,Texas[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2004,38(S1):156-166.
[30]Kourtidis K,Ziomas I.Estimation of secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production from traffic emissions in the city of Athens[J].Global NEST Journal,1999,1(1):33-38.
[2]Tan J H,Duan J C,Chen D H,et al.Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,94(2):238-245.
[3]谭吉华,赵金平,段菁春,等.广州秋季灰霾污染过程大气颗粒物有机酸的污染特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):1982-1987.Tan J H,Zhao J P,Duan J C,et al.Pollution characteristics of organic acids in atmospheric particles during haze periods in autumn in Guangzhou[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1982-1987.
[4]吕子峰,郝吉明,段菁春,等.北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):969-975.Lv Z F,Hao J M,Duan J C,et al.Estimate of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in Beijing Summertime[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(4):969-975.
[5]Tang J H,Chan L Y,Chan C Y,et al.Characteristics and diurnal variations of NMHCs at urban,suburban,and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta and a remote site in South China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(38):8620-8632.
[6]张钢锋,谢绍东.基于树种蓄积量的中国森林VOC排放估算[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):2816-2822.Zhang G F,Xie S D.Estimation of VOC Emission from forests in China based on the volume of tree species[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(10):2816-2822.
[7]邵敏,赵美萍,白郁华,等.燕山石化地区NMHC的特征研究[J].环境化学,1994,13(1):40-45.Shao M,Zhao M P,Bai Y H,et al.A study of NMHC character in atmosphere of yanshan petrochemical region[J].Environmental Chemistry,1994,13(1):40-45.
[8]沈旻嘉,郝吉明,王丽涛.中国加油站VOC排放污染现状及控制[J].环境科学,2006,27(8):1473-1478.Shen M J,Hao J M,Wang L T.VOC emission situation and control measures of gas station in China[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(8):1473-1478.
[9]魏巍,王书肖,郝吉明.中国涂料应用过程挥发性有机物的排放计算及未来发展趋势预测[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):2809-2815.Wei W,Wang S X,Hao J M.Estimation and forecast of volatile organic compounds emitted from paint uses in China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(10):2809-2815.
[10]马永亮,谭吉华,贺克斌,等.佛山灰霾期挥发性有机物的污染特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(12):3549-3554.Ma Y L,Tan J H,He K B,et al.Characteristics of volatile organic compounds during haze episode in Foshan City[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(12):3549-3554.
[11]沧州市环境保护局.2014年沧州市环境状况公报[R].沧州:沧州市环境保护局,2015.
[12]张新民,柴发合,岳婷婷,等.天津武清大气挥发性有机物光化学污染特征及来源[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(10):1085-1091.Zhang X M,Chai F H,Yue T T,et al.Photochemical characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds in Wuqing,Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(10):1085-1091.
[13]吴方堃,王跃思,安俊琳,等.北京奥运时段VOCs浓度变化,臭氧产生潜势及来源分析研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(1):10-16.Wu F K,Wang Y S,An J L,et al.Study on concentration,ozone production potential and sources of VOCs in the atmosphere of Beijing during olympics period[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(1):10-16.
[14]Pang X B,Mu Y J,Zhang Y J,et al.Contribution of isoprene to formaldehyde and ozone formation based on its oxidation products measurement in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(13):2142-2147.
[15]Xu J,Ma J Z,Zhang X L,et al.Measurements of ozone and its precursors in Beijing during summertime:impact of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(23):12241-12252.
[16]周雪明,项萍,段菁春,等.佛山市冬夏季非甲烷烃污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4124-4132.Zhou X M,Xiang P,Duan J C,et al.Pollution characteristics of non-methane hydrocarbons during winter and summer in Foshan City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4124-4132.
[17]Carter W P L.Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds[J].Air&Waste,1994,44(7):881-899.
[18]So K L,Wang T.C3-C12non-methane hydrocarbons in subtropical Hong Kong:spatial-temporal variations,sourcereceptor relationships and photochemical reactivity[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,328(1-3):161-174.
[19]Schauer J J,Rogge W F,Hildemann L M,et al.Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(22):3837-3855.
[20]Zheng M,Cass G R,Schauer J J,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5in the southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(11):2361-2371.
[21]Pandis S N,Harley R H,Cass G R,et al.Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1992,26(13):2269-2282.
[22]Strader R,Lurmann F,Pandis S N.Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(29):4849-4863.
[23]Hildemann L M,Rogge W F,Cass G R,et al.Contribution of primary aerosol emissions from vegetation-derived sources to fine particle concentrations in Los Angeles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(D14):19541-19549.
[24]Turpin B J,Huntzicker J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[25]Duan J C,Tan J H,Cheng D X,et al.Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in two largest cities in Pearl River Delta Region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(14):2895-2903.
[26]Grosjean D.In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode:estimated production and chemical functionality[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1992,26(6):953-963.
[27]Grosjean D,Seinfeld J H.Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment(1967),1989,23(8):1733-1747.
[28]Barthelmie R J,Pryor S C.Secondary organic aerosols:formation potential and ambient data[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,205(2-3):167-178.
[29]Dechapanya W,Russell M,Allen D T.Estimates of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in Houston,Texas[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2004,38(S1):156-166.
[30]Kourtidis K,Ziomas I.Estimation of secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production from traffic emissions in the city of Athens[J].Global NEST Journal,1999,1(1):33-38.