杭埠-丰乐河表层沉积物中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源分析及生态风险评价
|
摘要
对杭埠-丰乐河12个采样点的表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行了测定.结果表明:16种PAHs均被普遍检出,总含量(∑PAHs)范围为71.3±15—3372±402 ng·g~(-1)干重(dw),平均值为938 ng·g~(-1)(dw),与国内主要河流相比其浓度处于中等水平.底泥中多环芳烃组成以4环和5环为主,共占∑PAHs的81%,其中,二苯并[a.h]蒽(DBA)浓度最高,平均浓度为254 ng·g~(-1).底泥总有机碳(TOC)与∑PAHs之间有良好线性关系.利用特征比值法和主成分分析探讨了PAHs的可能来源,结果显示,杭埠-丰乐河底泥中PAHs主要来自于流域周边居民生物质、煤燃烧及汽车燃油污染.利用沉积物质量基准法和苯并[a]芘毒性当量(TEQBa P)法分别评价了杭埠-丰乐河沉积物PAHs的生态风险和致癌风险,发现部分采样点某些多环芳烃含量超过了效应区间低值(ERL),具有潜在的生态风险;沉积物中TEQBa P均值高达343 ng·g~(-1),具有相当高的致癌风险.
In the present study,the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in surface sediments from 12 sites of Hangbu-Fengle River were determined.The sixteen types PAHs were all detected in the sediment samples.The concentration of PAHs varied from 71.3±15 to 3372 ± 402 ng·g~(-1)dry weight(dw) and the average was 938 ng·g~(-1)(dw),which suggested the pollution status was in the medium level compared with other major rivers and lakes in China.The composition of PAHs showed that 4and 5 ring PAHs were predominant,which accounted for 81% ∑PAHs.Dibenzo[a,h]anthrancene(DBA) was the most abundant PAH compound in the sediments,with an average concentration of254 ng·g~(-1)(dw).There was a linear correlation between ∑PAHs.concentrations and sediment TOC contents.Using characteristic ratio method and principal component analysis,the potential sources of PAHs were analyzed.Results suggested the PAHs in sediments from Hangbu-Fengle River were mainly from coal and wood combustions,gasoline and diesel emissions.The ecological risk and carcinogenic risk of PAHs in sediments from Hangbu-Fengle River were assessed by sediment quality guideline and the total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent(TEQBa P).Results demonstrated that some of PAHs exceeded ERL several sample sites,which has the potential ecological risk.The calculated TEQBa Pwas 343 ng·g~(-1),suggesting high potential risk from the sediments.
In the present study,the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in surface sediments from 12 sites of Hangbu-Fengle River were determined.The sixteen types PAHs were all detected in the sediment samples.The concentration of PAHs varied from 71.3±15 to 3372 ± 402 ng·g~(-1)dry weight(dw) and the average was 938 ng·g~(-1)(dw),which suggested the pollution status was in the medium level compared with other major rivers and lakes in China.The composition of PAHs showed that 4and 5 ring PAHs were predominant,which accounted for 81% ∑PAHs.Dibenzo[a,h]anthrancene(DBA) was the most abundant PAH compound in the sediments,with an average concentration of254 ng·g~(-1)(dw).There was a linear correlation between ∑PAHs.concentrations and sediment TOC contents.Using characteristic ratio method and principal component analysis,the potential sources of PAHs were analyzed.Results suggested the PAHs in sediments from Hangbu-Fengle River were mainly from coal and wood combustions,gasoline and diesel emissions.The ecological risk and carcinogenic risk of PAHs in sediments from Hangbu-Fengle River were assessed by sediment quality guideline and the total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent(TEQBa P).Results demonstrated that some of PAHs exceeded ERL several sample sites,which has the potential ecological risk.The calculated TEQBa Pwas 343 ng·g~(-1),suggesting high potential risk from the sediments.
引文
[1]WEI Y,LANG Y,LI G.Cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the soils from Jiaozhou Bay wetland[J].Chemosphere,2014,112:289-295.
[2]LI G,LANG Y,WEI Y,et al.Source contributions of PAHs and toxicity in reed wetland soils of Liaohe estuary using a CMB-TEQ method[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:199-204.
[3]LAUENSTEIN G G,KIMBROTH K L.Chemical contamination of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a result of the attack on the World Trade Center:Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels and sediment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2007,54(54):284-294.
[4]YUAN Z,GUO C S,JIAN X,et al.Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake,China:Comparison of three receptor models[J].Water Research,2012,46(9):3065-3073.
[5]李先国,张庆红,刘思敏,等.多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物的研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,2009,39(3):467-475.LI X G,ZHANG Q H,LIU S M,et al.Research progress of marine environmental behavior and its metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Preiodical of Ocean Univeisity of China,2009,39(3):467-475(in Chinese).
[6]黄国培,陈颖军,林田,等.渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1856-1863.HUANG G P,CHEN Y J,LIN T,et al.The distribution and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of surface sediments in the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay,China[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(11):1856-1863(in Chinese).
[7]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1):70-75.LIN X M,LIU W X,CHEN J L,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Bohai Sea,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(1):70-75(in Chinese).
[8]宁怡,柯用春,邓建才,等.巢湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(6):891-898.NING Y,KE Y C,DENG G J C,et al.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface sediment in Lake Chaohu[J].Lake Sci,2012,24(6):891-898(in Chinese).
[9]王书航,姜霞,金相灿.巢湖入湖河流分类及污染特征分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):2834-2839.WANG S H,JIANG X,JIN X C.Classification and pollution characteristic analysis for inflow rivers of Chaohu Lake[J].Envrionmental Science,2011,32(10):2834-2839(in Chinese).
[10]杨晓辉,尹爱经,高超.巢湖主要入湖河流表层沉积物镉的分布特征及污染评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(2):237-242.YANG X H,YIN A J,GAO C.Distribution and risk evaluation of cadmium in surface sediments from the major inflow rivers of Chaohu Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(2):237-242(in Chinese).
[11]李强,尹俊华,席北斗,等.巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(2):441-447.LI Q,YIN J H,XI B D,et al.Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in sediments of inflow rivers of Lake Chaohu,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(2):441-447(in Chinese).
[12]张民,孔繁翔.巢湖富营养化的历程、空间分布与治理策略(1984-2013年)[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(5):791-798.ZHANG M,KONG F X.The process,spatial and temporal distributions and mitigation strategies of the eutrophication of Lake Chaohu(1984-2013)[J].Lake Sci,2015,27(5):791-798(in Chinese).
[13]李法松,韩铖,操璟璟,等.长江安庆段及毗邻湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃分布及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):739-748.LI F S,HANG C,CAO J J,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Anqing section of Yangtze River and lakes around Anqing City[J].Envionmental Chemistry,2016,35(4):739-748(in Chinese).
[14]陈传保.杭埠河舒城段水质现状评价[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(16):9774-9775.CHEN C B.Assessment of the water quality status in shucheng section of Hangbu River[J].Anhui Agriculture Science,2011,39(16):9774-9775(in Chinese).
[15]陈卫锋,倪进治,杨红玉,等.福州内河沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(12):1670-1677.CHEN W F,NI J Z,YANG H Y,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risks of PAHs in inland river sediments of Fuzhou City[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(12):1670-1677(in Chinese).
[16]BAUMARD P,BUDZINSKI H,GARRIGUES P.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean sea[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,1998,17(5):765-776.
[17]JIAN X,YONG Y,PING W,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River,China.[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(7):1408-1414.
[18]LUO X J,CHEN S J,MAI B X,et al.Distribution,Source Apportionment,and Transport of PAHs in Sediments from the Pearl River Delta and the Northern South China Sea[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2008,55(1):11-20.
[19]胡雄星,周亚康,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源[J].环境化学,2005,24(6):703-706.HU X X,ZHOU Y K,HAN Z H,et al.Distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in suiface sediment of Huangpu River[J].Envionmental Chemistry,2005,24(6):703-706(in Chinese).
[20]赵学强,袁旭音,李天元,等.环太湖河流沉积物中PAHs的空间分布、毒性及源解析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):345-351.ZHAO X Q,YUAN X Y,LI T Y.et al.Spatial Distribution,Toxicity and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments from Rivers Around Taihu Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):345-351(in Chinese).
[21]陈孝杨,黄凯,严家平,等.淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物中多环芳烃的污染性状研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):762-765.CHEN X Y,HUANG K,YAN J P.Pollution characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the Huaihe River Basin[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(4):762-765(in Chinese).
[22]张明,唐访良,吴志旭,等.千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):253-258.ZHANG M,TANG F L,WU Z X,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface sediments from Xin'anjiang Reservoir[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(1):253-258(in Chinese).
[23]梅卫平,阮慧慧,吴昊,等.滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):2069-2074.MEI W P,RUAN H H,WU H,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Dishui Lake water system[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(11):2069-2074(in Chinese).
[24]江敏,Le Huy Tuan,梅卫平,等.舟山近海水体和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2672-2679.JIANG M,LE H T,MEI W P,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from Zhoushan Coastal Area,China[J].Envrionmental Science,2014,35(7):2672-2679(in Chinese).
[25]陈卓敏,高效江,宋祖光,等.杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(2):233-237.CHEN Z M,GAO X J,SONG Z G,et al.Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tide-beach surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(2):233-237(in Chinese).
[26]KARICKHOFF S W,BROWN D S,SCOTT T A.Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments[J].Water Research,1979,13(3):241-248.
[27]WANG X C,ZHANG Y X,CHEN R F.DistriB ution and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in different size fractions in sediments from boston harbor,united states[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,42(11):1139-1149.
[28]CHRISTENSEN E R,BZDUSEK P A.PAHs in sediments of the Black River and the Ashtabula River,Ohio:Source apportionment by factor analysis.[J].Water Research,2005,39(4):511-524.
[29]WANG X C,SUN S,MA H Q,et al.Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(2):129-138.
[30]YUNKER M B,MACDONALD R W,VINGARZAN R,et al.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,2002,33(4):489-515.
[31]DUVAL M,FRIEDLANDER S.Source resolution of pofycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles atmosphere application of a CMBwith first-order decay[R].United States Environmental Protection Agency,Washington D.C.,1981.
[32]KHALILI N R,SCHEFF P A,Holsen T M.PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens,diesel and gasoline engines,highway tunnels and wood ctmbustion emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(4):533-542.
[33]LONG E R,MACDONALD D D.Recommended uses of empirically derived,sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,1998,4(4):1019-1039.
[34]QIAO M,WANG C,HUANG S,et al.Composition,sources,and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in the surface sediments of the Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,China[J].Environment International,2006,32(1):28-33.
[35]SPROVIERI M,FEO M L,PREVEDELLO L,et al.Heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Naples harbour(southern Italy).[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(5):998-1009.
[2]LI G,LANG Y,WEI Y,et al.Source contributions of PAHs and toxicity in reed wetland soils of Liaohe estuary using a CMB-TEQ method[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:199-204.
[3]LAUENSTEIN G G,KIMBROTH K L.Chemical contamination of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a result of the attack on the World Trade Center:Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels and sediment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2007,54(54):284-294.
[4]YUAN Z,GUO C S,JIAN X,et al.Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake,China:Comparison of three receptor models[J].Water Research,2012,46(9):3065-3073.
[5]李先国,张庆红,刘思敏,等.多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物的研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,2009,39(3):467-475.LI X G,ZHANG Q H,LIU S M,et al.Research progress of marine environmental behavior and its metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Preiodical of Ocean Univeisity of China,2009,39(3):467-475(in Chinese).
[6]黄国培,陈颖军,林田,等.渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1856-1863.HUANG G P,CHEN Y J,LIN T,et al.The distribution and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of surface sediments in the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay,China[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(11):1856-1863(in Chinese).
[7]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1):70-75.LIN X M,LIU W X,CHEN J L,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Bohai Sea,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(1):70-75(in Chinese).
[8]宁怡,柯用春,邓建才,等.巢湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(6):891-898.NING Y,KE Y C,DENG G J C,et al.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface sediment in Lake Chaohu[J].Lake Sci,2012,24(6):891-898(in Chinese).
[9]王书航,姜霞,金相灿.巢湖入湖河流分类及污染特征分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):2834-2839.WANG S H,JIANG X,JIN X C.Classification and pollution characteristic analysis for inflow rivers of Chaohu Lake[J].Envrionmental Science,2011,32(10):2834-2839(in Chinese).
[10]杨晓辉,尹爱经,高超.巢湖主要入湖河流表层沉积物镉的分布特征及污染评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(2):237-242.YANG X H,YIN A J,GAO C.Distribution and risk evaluation of cadmium in surface sediments from the major inflow rivers of Chaohu Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(2):237-242(in Chinese).
[11]李强,尹俊华,席北斗,等.巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(2):441-447.LI Q,YIN J H,XI B D,et al.Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in sediments of inflow rivers of Lake Chaohu,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(2):441-447(in Chinese).
[12]张民,孔繁翔.巢湖富营养化的历程、空间分布与治理策略(1984-2013年)[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(5):791-798.ZHANG M,KONG F X.The process,spatial and temporal distributions and mitigation strategies of the eutrophication of Lake Chaohu(1984-2013)[J].Lake Sci,2015,27(5):791-798(in Chinese).
[13]李法松,韩铖,操璟璟,等.长江安庆段及毗邻湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃分布及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):739-748.LI F S,HANG C,CAO J J,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Anqing section of Yangtze River and lakes around Anqing City[J].Envionmental Chemistry,2016,35(4):739-748(in Chinese).
[14]陈传保.杭埠河舒城段水质现状评价[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(16):9774-9775.CHEN C B.Assessment of the water quality status in shucheng section of Hangbu River[J].Anhui Agriculture Science,2011,39(16):9774-9775(in Chinese).
[15]陈卫锋,倪进治,杨红玉,等.福州内河沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(12):1670-1677.CHEN W F,NI J Z,YANG H Y,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risks of PAHs in inland river sediments of Fuzhou City[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(12):1670-1677(in Chinese).
[16]BAUMARD P,BUDZINSKI H,GARRIGUES P.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean sea[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,1998,17(5):765-776.
[17]JIAN X,YONG Y,PING W,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River,China.[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(7):1408-1414.
[18]LUO X J,CHEN S J,MAI B X,et al.Distribution,Source Apportionment,and Transport of PAHs in Sediments from the Pearl River Delta and the Northern South China Sea[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2008,55(1):11-20.
[19]胡雄星,周亚康,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源[J].环境化学,2005,24(6):703-706.HU X X,ZHOU Y K,HAN Z H,et al.Distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in suiface sediment of Huangpu River[J].Envionmental Chemistry,2005,24(6):703-706(in Chinese).
[20]赵学强,袁旭音,李天元,等.环太湖河流沉积物中PAHs的空间分布、毒性及源解析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):345-351.ZHAO X Q,YUAN X Y,LI T Y.et al.Spatial Distribution,Toxicity and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments from Rivers Around Taihu Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):345-351(in Chinese).
[21]陈孝杨,黄凯,严家平,等.淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物中多环芳烃的污染性状研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):762-765.CHEN X Y,HUANG K,YAN J P.Pollution characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the Huaihe River Basin[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(4):762-765(in Chinese).
[22]张明,唐访良,吴志旭,等.千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):253-258.ZHANG M,TANG F L,WU Z X,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface sediments from Xin'anjiang Reservoir[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(1):253-258(in Chinese).
[23]梅卫平,阮慧慧,吴昊,等.滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):2069-2074.MEI W P,RUAN H H,WU H,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Dishui Lake water system[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(11):2069-2074(in Chinese).
[24]江敏,Le Huy Tuan,梅卫平,等.舟山近海水体和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2672-2679.JIANG M,LE H T,MEI W P,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from Zhoushan Coastal Area,China[J].Envrionmental Science,2014,35(7):2672-2679(in Chinese).
[25]陈卓敏,高效江,宋祖光,等.杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(2):233-237.CHEN Z M,GAO X J,SONG Z G,et al.Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tide-beach surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(2):233-237(in Chinese).
[26]KARICKHOFF S W,BROWN D S,SCOTT T A.Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments[J].Water Research,1979,13(3):241-248.
[27]WANG X C,ZHANG Y X,CHEN R F.DistriB ution and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in different size fractions in sediments from boston harbor,united states[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,42(11):1139-1149.
[28]CHRISTENSEN E R,BZDUSEK P A.PAHs in sediments of the Black River and the Ashtabula River,Ohio:Source apportionment by factor analysis.[J].Water Research,2005,39(4):511-524.
[29]WANG X C,SUN S,MA H Q,et al.Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(2):129-138.
[30]YUNKER M B,MACDONALD R W,VINGARZAN R,et al.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,2002,33(4):489-515.
[31]DUVAL M,FRIEDLANDER S.Source resolution of pofycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles atmosphere application of a CMBwith first-order decay[R].United States Environmental Protection Agency,Washington D.C.,1981.
[32]KHALILI N R,SCHEFF P A,Holsen T M.PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens,diesel and gasoline engines,highway tunnels and wood ctmbustion emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(4):533-542.
[33]LONG E R,MACDONALD D D.Recommended uses of empirically derived,sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,1998,4(4):1019-1039.
[34]QIAO M,WANG C,HUANG S,et al.Composition,sources,and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in the surface sediments of the Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,China[J].Environment International,2006,32(1):28-33.
[35]SPROVIERI M,FEO M L,PREVEDELLO L,et al.Heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Naples harbour(southern Italy).[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(5):998-1009.