基于生烃思路的微生物成因水合物资源量估算——以琼东南盆地西南深水区为例
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摘要
琼东南盆地深水区的天然气水合物成藏条件优良,是天然气水合物资源有利的勘探远景区。综合底水温度、地热梯度、有机碳含量和沉积速率等资料,分析了该海域范围内天然气水合物稳定带厚度的分布特征,并采用基于运移—反应数值模拟得到的转换函数,对琼东南盆地西南深水区内天然气水合物资源量进行了初步估算。结果表明:生物成因甲烷水合物分布在水深大于600m左右的海底,稳定带最大厚度约300m;微生物成因水合物所蕴含甲烷量达5.7×10~(12) m~3,其中自生自储扩散型天然气水合物远景总量约0.7×10~(12) m~3甲烷气;下生上储渗漏型水合物天然气水合物远景总量约5×10~(12) m~3甲烷气。后者约为原位微生物甲烷水合物资源量的7倍。由此可见,研究区微生物成因天然气水合物的烃类气体以深部运移烃类的供应为主;高效的流体运移通道是控制该区水合物藏富集的重要因素。基于生烃思路的资源量估算方法与通过体积法计算的天然气水合物资源量的数量级(×10~(12) m~3)一致,显示了该方法的有效性。
The excellent reservoir forming condition indicates it is a favorable exploration prospect for gas hydrate resources in the deep water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.Based on the data of bottom water temperature,geothermal gradient,organic carbon content and deposition rate,the distribution characteristics of thickness of gas hydrate stable zone are analyzed in the study area.The gas hydrate resources are preliminarily estimated by using the parameterized transfer function obtained from the numerical simulation.The results show that biogenic methane hydrates are distributed in the seabed with a depth of more than 600 m,and the maximum thickness of the stable zone is about 300 m.The total abundance of methane hydrate is estimated to be 5.7×10~(12) m~3 in the study area.Among them,the prospective total amount of self-sourced diffusion biogenic gas hydrate is about 0.7×10~(12) m~3,and the total amount of gas hydrate by way of"lowergeneration and upper storage"is about 5×10~(12) m~3.The latter is about 7 times the amount of methane hydrate in situ.Therefore,the supply of hydrocarbon gas from microbial gas hydrates in the study area is dominated by deep hydrocarbon migration,and efficient fluid migration pathway is an important factor to control the accumulation of gas hydrate reservoirs in the study area.The resource estimation method based on hydrocarbon generation idea is consistent with the order of magnitude of natural gas hydrate resource calculated by volume method,which shows the effectiveness of this method.
The excellent reservoir forming condition indicates it is a favorable exploration prospect for gas hydrate resources in the deep water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.Based on the data of bottom water temperature,geothermal gradient,organic carbon content and deposition rate,the distribution characteristics of thickness of gas hydrate stable zone are analyzed in the study area.The gas hydrate resources are preliminarily estimated by using the parameterized transfer function obtained from the numerical simulation.The results show that biogenic methane hydrates are distributed in the seabed with a depth of more than 600 m,and the maximum thickness of the stable zone is about 300 m.The total abundance of methane hydrate is estimated to be 5.7×10~(12) m~3 in the study area.Among them,the prospective total amount of self-sourced diffusion biogenic gas hydrate is about 0.7×10~(12) m~3,and the total amount of gas hydrate by way of"lowergeneration and upper storage"is about 5×10~(12) m~3.The latter is about 7 times the amount of methane hydrate in situ.Therefore,the supply of hydrocarbon gas from microbial gas hydrates in the study area is dominated by deep hydrocarbon migration,and efficient fluid migration pathway is an important factor to control the accumulation of gas hydrate reservoirs in the study area.The resource estimation method based on hydrocarbon generation idea is consistent with the order of magnitude of natural gas hydrate resource calculated by volume method,which shows the effectiveness of this method.
引文
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[21]Wang Lifeng,Zhao Kebin,Huang Xin.A study on geothermics and occurrence of gas hydrates in the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2009,31(1):58-62.王力锋,赵克斌,黄欣.南海北部陆坡热流与天然气水合物赋藏研究[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(1):58-62.
[22]Shan Jingnan,Zhang Gongcheng,Wu Jingfu,et al.Thermal structure and Moho temperature of Qiongdongnan Basin,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics-Chinese Edition,2011,54(8):2102-2109.单竞男,张功成,吴景富,等.南海北缘琼东南盆地热结构与莫霍面温度[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(8):2102-2109.
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[24]Lu Zhenquan,Zhu Youhai,Zhang Yongqin,et al.Gas source conditions for gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost of Qinghai and their implications[J].Mineral Deposits,2013,32(5):1035-1044.卢振权,祝有海,张永勤,等.青海祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的气源条件及其指示意义[J].矿床地质,2013,32(5):1035-1044.
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(1)https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/
[2]Collett T S.Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1971-1992.
[3]Malinverno A,Kastner M,Torres M E,et al.Gas hydrate occurrence from pore water chlorinity and downhole logs in a transect across the northern Cascadia margin(Integrated O-cean Drilling Program Expedition 311)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(B8):103-120.
[4]Su Xin,Chen Fang,Yu Xinghe,et al.A pilot study on Miocene through Holocene sediments from the continental slope of the South China Sea in correlation with possible distribution of gas hydrates[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):3-15.苏新,陈芳,于兴河,等.南海陆坡中新世以来沉积物特性与气体水合物分布初探[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):3-15.
[5]Su Ming,Yang Rui,Zhang Cuimei,et al.Progress in study of deep-water depositional systems in the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and its implications for gas hydrate research[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2013,33(3):109-116.苏明,杨睿,张翠梅,等.深水沉积体系研究进展及其对南海北部陆坡区天然气水合物研究的启示[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(3):109-116.
[6]Fan Shuanshi,Liu Feng,Chen Duofu.The research of the origin mechanism of marine gas hydrate[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(5):524-530.樊栓狮,刘锋,陈多福.海洋天然气水合物的形成机理探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(5):524-530.
[7]Chen Duofu,Su Zheng,Feng Dong,et al.Formation and its controlling factors of gas hydrate reservoir in marine gas vent system[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2005,24(3):38-46.陈多福,苏正,冯东,等.海底天然气渗漏系统水合物成藏过程及控制因素[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(3):38-46.
[8]Su Zheng,Chen Duofu.Types of gas hydrates and their characteristics in marine environments[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2006,30(2):256-264.苏正,陈多福.海洋天然气水合物的类型及特征[J].大地构造与成矿学,2006,30(2):256-264.
[9]He Jiaxiong,Su Pibo,Lu Zhenquan,et al.Prediction of gas sources of natural gas hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea,and its migration,accumulation and reservoir formation pattern[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(8):19-29.何家雄,苏丕波,卢振权,等.南海北部琼东南盆地天然气水合物气源及运聚成藏模式预测[J].天然气工业,2015,35(8):19-29.
[10]Chen Duofu,Feng Dong,Cathles L M.Kinetics of gas hydrate reservoir formation and gas potential assessment in the marine gas vent system[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2005,29(2):124-130.陈多福,冯东,Cathles L M.海底天然气渗漏系统水合物成藏动力学及其资源评价方法[J].大地构造与成矿学,2005,29(2):124-130.
[11]Xu W Y,Ruppel C.Predicting the occurrence,distribution,and evolution of methane gas hydrate in porous marine sediments[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1999,104(B3):5081-5095.
[12]Wallmann K,Pinero E,Burwicz E,et al.The global inventory of methane hydrate in marine sediments:A theoretical approach[J].Energies,2012,5(7):2449-2498.
[13]Pi1ero E,Marquardt M,Hensen C,et al.Estimation of the global inventory of methane hydrates in marine sediments using transfer functions[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(2):959-975.
[14]Yang Li,Liu Bin,Xu Mengjie,et al.Characteristics of active cold seepages in Qiongdongnan sea area of the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics-Chinese Edition,2018,61(7):2905-2914.杨力,刘斌,徐梦婕,等.南海北部琼东南海域活动冷泉特征及形成模式[J].地球物理学报,2018,61(7):2905-2914.
[15]Liu Bin,Liu Shengxuan.Gas bubble plumes observed at north slope of South China Sea from multi-beam water column data[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2017,39(9):83-89.刘斌,刘胜旋.南海北部陆坡气泡羽状流的发现:多波束水体数据[J].海洋学报,2017,39(9):83-89.
[16]Chen Linying,Luo Min.Gas hydrate occurrences inferred from pore water geochemistry in the pockmark field in the southwestern Xisha Uplift,South China Sea[J].Geochimica,2017,46(6):557-566.陈琳莹,罗敏.南海西沙西南海底麻坑区天然气水合物发育的孔隙水地球化学证据[J].地球化学,2017,46(6):557-566.
[17]Gong Yuehua,Yang Shengxiong,Wang Hongbin,et al.Prospect of gas hydrate resources in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2018,48(4):1030-1042.龚跃华,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.琼东南盆地天然气水合物成矿远景[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2018,48(4):1030-1042.
[18]Schimanski A,Stattegger K.Deglacial and Holocene evolution of the Vietnam shelf:Stratigraphy,sediments and sea-level change[J].Marine Geology,2005,214(4):365-387.
[19]Zeng L L,Wang Q,Xie Q,et al.Hydrographic field investigations in the northern South China Sea by open cruises during2004-2013[J].Science Bulletin,2015,60(6):607-615.
[20]Trung N N.The gas hydrate potential in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2012,88-89(2):41-47.
[21]Wang Lifeng,Zhao Kebin,Huang Xin.A study on geothermics and occurrence of gas hydrates in the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2009,31(1):58-62.王力锋,赵克斌,黄欣.南海北部陆坡热流与天然气水合物赋藏研究[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(1):58-62.
[22]Shan Jingnan,Zhang Gongcheng,Wu Jingfu,et al.Thermal structure and Moho temperature of Qiongdongnan Basin,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics-Chinese Edition,2011,54(8):2102-2109.单竞男,张功成,吴景富,等.南海北缘琼东南盆地热结构与莫霍面温度[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(8):2102-2109.
[23]Shi Xiaobin,Wang Zhenfeng,Jiang Haiyan,et al.Vertical variations of geothermal parameters in rifted basins and heat flow distribution features of the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics-Chinese Edition,2015,58(3):939-952.施小斌,王振峰,蒋海燕,等.张裂型盆地地热参数的垂向变化与琼东南盆地热流分布特征[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(3):939-952.
[24]Lu Zhenquan,Zhu Youhai,Zhang Yongqin,et al.Gas source conditions for gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost of Qinghai and their implications[J].Mineral Deposits,2013,32(5):1035-1044.卢振权,祝有海,张永勤,等.青海祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的气源条件及其指示意义[J].矿床地质,2013,32(5):1035-1044.
[25]Khlystov O,Batist M D,Shoji H,et al.Gas hydrate of lake baikal:Discovery and varieties[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,62(SI):162-166.
[26]Kvenvolden K A.A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate[J].Organic Geochemistry,1995,23(11/12):997-1008.
[27]Waseda A.Organic carbon content,bacterial methanogenesis,and accumulation processes of gas hydrates in marine sediments[J].Geochemical Journal,1998,32(3):143-157.
[28]Johnson J E,Phillips S C,Torres M E,et al.Influence of total organic carbon deposition on the inventory of gas hydrate in the Indian continental margins[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2014,58:406-424.
[29]Li Xuejie.Sedimentary Characteristics of the Western South China Sea and Their Variations since the Late Pleistocene[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2005:43-60.李学杰.南海西部沉积特征及其从晚更新世以来的变化[D].上海:同济大学,2005:43-60.
[30]Gering K L.Simulations of methane hydrate phenomena over geologic timescales.Part I:Effect of sediment compaction rates on methane hydrate and free gas accumulations[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2003,206(1):65-81.
[31]Burwicz E B,Rüpke L H,Wallmann K.Estimation of the global amount of submarine gas hydrates formed via microbial methane formation based on numerical reaction-transport modeling and a novel parameterization of Holocene sedimentation[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(16):4562-4576.
[32]Li Cuizhong.Micropaleontological records carbonate contents and oxygen isotopic curves in late Pleistocene deep sea cores from the South China Sea[J].Tropic Oceanology,1993,12(1):16-23.李粹中.南海晚更新世深海岩心的微体古生物,碳酸盐和氧同位[J].热带海洋,1993,12(1):16-23.
[33]Luo M,Dale A W,Wallmann K,et al.Estimating the time of pockmark formation in the SW Xisha Uplift(South China Sea)using reaction-transport modeling[J].Marine Geology,2015,364:21-31.
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(1)https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/