苹果小吉丁虫(Agrilus mali Matsumura)对野苹果林的危害及其评估
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摘要
苹果小吉丁虫(Agrilus mali Matsumura)自1995年入侵以来,对新疆天山北坡的野苹果林造成了巨大的威胁,但在区域尺度上的危害缺乏系统的评估。选取野苹果林典型分布区——新源县(新源改良场、八连、萨哈)和巩留县(交勒赛、小莫合、大莫合、二乡)进行试验观测,统计样地内每棵野苹果树的受害等级、果实产量、受害枝条的旧羽化孔密度等指标。结果表明:新源改良场受害最为严重,交勒赛、二乡和大莫合受害最轻;各调查点间果实产量和苹果小吉丁虫的旧羽化孔密度差异显著;在管理强度高的栽培果园内,苹果小吉丁虫的危害较轻。建议在危害严重区域(如新源)采用人工修剪措施;在适合飞机飞行的区域(如小莫合和大莫合)采用航空防治;在高山区建立围栏保护防治措施(如二乡和八连);在人工容易到达或者适合人工作业的地方,采用生物防治和人工修剪措施(交勒赛和萨哈)。
Agrilus mali Matsumura causes a severe damage to the wild apple forests in the north Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang since an invasion of insect pests from 1995. However,an assessment on the regional damage of insect pests is missed. In this study,the damage level of A. mali Matsumura and its impacts on the wild apple forests,fruit yield,old emergence hole density,etc. of wild apple trees in Xinyuan and Gongliu counties,where the wild apple trees grow widely,Xinjiang,were investigated. It was found that the damage of insect pests was the most serious in the Agricultural Improvement Farm in Xinyuan County,but it was the lightest in Jiaolesai,Second township and Damohe. There was a significant difference in the old emergence hole density because of the difference of A. mali Matsumura density and of fruit yield among seven sites. In apple orchards with the enhanced management,the infestation level was much lower. Therefore,it was suggested to extensively carry out the pruning at the sites with serious damage of insect pests. Insecticide spray by aircraft is thus recommended in the regions suitable for aircraft flight. Protected areas should be delimited and the pruning and bio-control programs could be applicable in the regions where local people cannot get easy access in the wild apple forests.
Agrilus mali Matsumura causes a severe damage to the wild apple forests in the north Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang since an invasion of insect pests from 1995. However,an assessment on the regional damage of insect pests is missed. In this study,the damage level of A. mali Matsumura and its impacts on the wild apple forests,fruit yield,old emergence hole density,etc. of wild apple trees in Xinyuan and Gongliu counties,where the wild apple trees grow widely,Xinjiang,were investigated. It was found that the damage of insect pests was the most serious in the Agricultural Improvement Farm in Xinyuan County,but it was the lightest in Jiaolesai,Second township and Damohe. There was a significant difference in the old emergence hole density because of the difference of A. mali Matsumura density and of fruit yield among seven sites. In apple orchards with the enhanced management,the infestation level was much lower. Therefore,it was suggested to extensively carry out the pruning at the sites with serious damage of insect pests. Insecticide spray by aircraft is thus recommended in the regions suitable for aircraft flight. Protected areas should be delimited and the pruning and bio-control programs could be applicable in the regions where local people cannot get easy access in the wild apple forests.
引文
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[2]Archetti M.Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,2009,276(1 667):2 575.
[3]李飞飞,崔大方,廖文波,等.中国新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem.)种群地理分布格局及其遗传关系研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(6):926-932.[Li Feifei,Cui Dafang,Liao Wenbo,et al.Geographic distribution pattern and genetic relationship of Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem.in China[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(6):926-932.]
[4]Richards C M,Volk G M,Reilley A A,et al.Genetic diversity and population structure in Malus sieversii,a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple[J].Tree Genetics&Genomes,2009,5(2):339-347.
[5]魏景利,冯涛,张春雨,等.新疆野苹果种质资源的研究与应用[J].落叶果树,2009,41(4):16-18.[Wei Jingli,Feng Tao,Zhang Chunyu,et al.Study and application of Malus sieversii germplasm resources[J].Deciduous Fruit Tree,2009,41(4):16-18.]
[6]陈灵芝.中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:194-197.[Chen Lingzhi.The Present Situation of Biodiversity and Its Protection Countermeasures in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993:194-197.]
[7]傅立国.中国植物红皮书[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.[Fu Liguo.China Plant Red Data Book[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991.]
[8]刘忠权,陈卫民,许正,等.新疆天山西部野苹果林分布与苹果小吉丁虫受害现状研究[J].北方园艺,2014(17):121-124.[Liu Zhongquan,Chen Weimin,Xu Zheng,et al.Malus sieversii forest distribution and Agrilus mali Matsumura status of damage in the west part of Tianshan mountains[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(17):121-124.]
[9]崔晓宁,刘德广,刘爱华.苹果小吉丁虫综合防控研究进展[J].植物保护,2015,41(2):16-23.[Cui Xiaoning,Liu Deguang,Liu Aihua.Research progress in integrated management of Agrilus mali[J].Plant Protection,2015,41(2):16-23.]
[10]李孟楼,张正青.苹果小吉丁虫的生物学及其生活史讨论[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(4):139-146.[Li Menglou,Zhang Zhengqing.Discussion on biology and life history associated with Agrilus mali Matsumura[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(4):139-146.]
[11]王成育.尖扎县苹果小吉丁虫防治技术[J].青海农技推广,2006(1):39-40.[Wang Chengyu.Jianzha county Agrilus mali Matsumura control technology[J].Agricultural Technology Extension in Qinghai,2006(1):39-40.]
[12]屈巧凤,张庆吉,曾兆连,等.苹果小吉丁虫的发生规律及防治[J].北方农业学报,1998(6):29-30.[Qu Qiaofeng,Zhang Qingji,Zeng Zhaolian,et al.The occurrence and control of Agrilus mali Matsumura[J].Agricultural Journal of the North,1998(6):29-30.]
[13]郑坚武,杜娟,刘箐,等.天水苹果病虫害种类及发生动态调查研究[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(2):293-298.[Zheng Jianwu,Du Juan,Liu Jing,et al.Investigation and study on species and occurrence of diseases and pests of apple in Tianshui[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2009,18(2):293-298.]
[14]蔡聪,高九思,高阳.河南省苹果园有害昆虫种群结构及为害性调查[J].陕西农业科学,2011,57(1):35-38.[Cai Cong,Gao Jiusi,Gao Yang.Investigation on the population structure and pest in the apple orchard in Henan[J].Agricultural Science in Shaanxi,2011,57(1):35-38.]
[15]刘旭,石万成,李建荣.四川西部高原苹果害虫区系研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),1999(1):68-70.[Liu Xu,Shi Wancheng,Li Jianrong.The fauna of apple pests in the Western Plateau of Sichuan[J].Journal of Southwestern University(Natural Science Edition),1999(1):68-70.]
[16]谭晓华,马学林,孔宝华,等.受害云南丽江苹果的病虫害种类及其发生规律[J].云南农业大学学报,2016,31(1):54-61.[Tan Xiaohua,Ma Xuelin,Kong Baohua,et al.The Investigation and epidemic study on apple diseases and harmful insects in Lijiang,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2016,31(1):54-61.]
[17]王春晓,赵福,赵健桐,等.新疆发生苹果小吉丁虫[J].新疆农业科学,1995,38(5):225-226.[Wang Chunxiao,Zhao Fu,Zhao Jiantong,et al.Xinjiang Agrilus mali Matsumura[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,1995,38(5):225-226.]
[18]黄建平,何海明,银建民,等.伊犁地区果树发生苹果小吉丁虫[J].农药市场信息,2000,1(6):25.[Huang Jianping,He Haiming,Yin Jianmin,et al.The occurrence of Agrilus mali Matsumura in Yili[J].Pesticide Market Information,2000,1(6):25.]
[19]王智勇.新疆野苹果林苹小吉丁虫生物防治技术研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.[Wang Zhiyong.Researchs on Biological Control of Agrilus mali Matsumura(Coleoptera:Buprestidae)in Stands of Malus sieversii in Xinjiang[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2013.]
[20]刘爱华,王玉兰,阿里木.两种药剂防治苹果小吉丁虫试验[J].新疆农业科学,2005,42(增刊1):101-102.[Liu Aihua,Wang Yulan,A Limu.Two types of chemical control Agrilus mali Matsumura test[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2005,42(Suppl.1):101-102.]
[21]刘爱华.新疆野果林苹果小吉丁与优势天敌生物学、生态学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010.[Liu Aihua.The Biology and Ecology of Xinjiang Wild Apple Forest Agrilus mali and the Dominant Natural Enemies[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2010.]
[22]王智勇,杨忠岐,张彦龙,等.利用4种肿腿蜂(膜翅目:肿腿蜂科)防治受害新疆野苹果林的苹小吉丁(鞘翅目:吉丁甲科)[J].林业科学,2014,50(8):97-101.[Wang Zhiyong,Yang Zhongqi,Zhang Yanlong,et al.Biological control of Agrilus mali(Coleoptera:Buprestidae)by applying four species of bethylid wasp(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae)on Malus sieversii in Xinjiang[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(8):97-101.]
[23]段勤考.“开沟涂药”防治苹果小吉丁虫效果好[J].西北园艺,1995,1(2):39-39.[Duan Qinkao.“Ditching besmear medicine”in the prevention and treatment of Agrilus mali Matsumura[J].Northwest Horticulture,1995,1(2):39-39.]
[24]Klooster W S,Herms D A,Knight K S,et al.Ash(Fraxinus spp.)mortality,regeneration,and seed bank dynamics in mixed hardwood forests following invasion by emerald ash borer(Agrilus planipennis)[J].Biological Invasions,2014,16(4):859-873.
[25]Smith A.Effects of Community Structure on Forest Sus-ceptibility and Response to the Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of the Huron River Watershed in Southeastern Michigan[M].Ohio:The Ohio State University,2006.
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