民用机场航站楼火灾人员疏散仿真研究
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摘要
为预防机场航站楼火灾事故,利用建筑信息模型(BIM),研究航站楼火灾事故中建筑布局和消防系统对烟气蔓延、人员疏散的影响。将BIM技术应用于航站楼火灾疏散管理中,利用PyroSim和Pathfinder软件对航站楼消防运行、人员安全进行量化仿真模拟,分析不同条件下烟雾、热量和人员疏散过程变化情况。结果表明:在现有楼内建筑布局下,航站楼在人流高峰期一旦发生火灾,且机械排烟系统未能及时启动时,热辐射对人员疏散不会产生明显影响,但随着烟气高度急剧下降,会对人员安全造成明显威胁。扩大登机口前空地面积、移除不必要的室内设施、使消防系统与登机口联动,是缩短人员疏散耗时的重要举措。
For the sake of preventing fire accidents in an airport terminal building,BIM was employed to evaluate the influences of the building layout and fire extinguishing system on the fire smoke spread and personnel evacuation. BIM was applied in the terminal fire evacuation management,the operation of terminal fire-fighting system and safety of evacuees were simulated quantitatively by using two kinds of software of PyroSim and Pathfinder. Changes in smoke,heat and evacuation process were analyzed. It turns out that for the present building layout,the thermal radiation of a fire happening in the peak flow period has not a significant influence on the evacuation process even if the smoke extracting system fails to start in time,that a sudden decrease in the height of smoke is a dangerous threat to the evacuees,and that the expansion of the open space area in front of the boarding gate,removal of unnecessary indoor facilities and promotion of the linkage between fire-fighting system and boarding gate are helpful to shortening the time of evacuation.
For the sake of preventing fire accidents in an airport terminal building,BIM was employed to evaluate the influences of the building layout and fire extinguishing system on the fire smoke spread and personnel evacuation. BIM was applied in the terminal fire evacuation management,the operation of terminal fire-fighting system and safety of evacuees were simulated quantitatively by using two kinds of software of PyroSim and Pathfinder. Changes in smoke,heat and evacuation process were analyzed. It turns out that for the present building layout,the thermal radiation of a fire happening in the peak flow period has not a significant influence on the evacuation process even if the smoke extracting system fails to start in time,that a sudden decrease in the height of smoke is a dangerous threat to the evacuees,and that the expansion of the open space area in front of the boarding gate,removal of unnecessary indoor facilities and promotion of the linkage between fire-fighting system and boarding gate are helpful to shortening the time of evacuation.
引文
[1]中国民航局,国家发展和改革委员会,交通运输部.中国民用航空发展第十三个五年规划[Z]. 2016-12.
[2]朱蕾.大型航站楼的消防设计探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2008,27(11):807-809.ZHU Lei. Abstract of firework design for large-scale terminal[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2008,27(11):807-809.
[3]彭华.大型机场航站楼火灾风险评估方法研究[J].建筑科学,2016,32(1):108-113.PENG Hua. Study on fire risk evaluation method of large airport terminal[J]. Building Science,2016,32(1):108-113.
[4]李春娥,张永全,史凤霞,等.某航站楼人员疏散的仿真模拟研究[J].西华大学学报:自然科学版,2007,26(5):66-68.LI Chun'e,ZHANG Yongquan,SHI Fengxia,et al. Simulation of personnel evacuation at an air terminal[J]. Journal of Xihua University:Natural Science Edition,2007,26(5):66-68.
[5] LI Li,HUANG Zhixiang,ZHOU Xiaoqing. Numerical simulation of smoke spread and occupant evacuation for an airport terminal[J]. Building Energy&Environment,2016,35(8):57-60,63.
[6] CHOW W K. On the"cabin"fire safety design concept in the new Hong Kong airport terminal building[J]. Journal of Fire Sciences,1997,15(4):404-423.
[7] BEEVER Paula. Cabins and islands:a fire protection strategy for an international airport terminal building[C]. Third International Fire Safety Science Symposium. Edinburgh,1991:709-718.
[8]王盟,徐宇工,胡仁,等.地铁列车中可燃物热释放速率的测定[J].城市轨道交通研究,2006(9):47-49.WANG Meng,XU Yugong,HU Ren,et al. Testing of combustibles heat release rate in subway train[J]. Urban Mass Transit,2006(9):47-49.
[9] DINENNO P J,BEYLER C L,CUSTER R L P,et al. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering(2ndEdition)[M].Boston:Society of Fire Protection Engineers and the National Fire Protection Association,1995:Chapter 1-3.
[10] British Standards Institution. Fire safety engineering:design fire scenarios and design fires[DB/CD],1997.
[11]凌竹,李鹏哲.基于建筑信息模型的机场航站楼火灾疏散研究[J].科技与创新,2017(2):3-5.LING Zhu,LI Pengzhe. Study on fire evacuation of airport terminal building based on building information model[J].Science and Technology&Innovation,2017(2):3-5.
[12]宋洋,凌竹.民用机场航站楼火灾应急疏散研究[J].消防科学与技术,2016,35(10):1 384-1 387.SONG Yang,LING Zhu. The study on fire emergency evacuation of the civil airport terminal building[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2016,35(10):1 384-1 387.
[13] GB50016—2014,建筑设计防火规范[S].GB50016-2014,Code for fire protection design of buildings[S].
[14]易亮,朱书敏,徐志胜,等.火灾影响下人员行为量化分析研究[J].中国西部科技,2010,9(8):4-6,59.YI Liang,ZHU Shumin,XU Zhisheng,et al. Quantitative study on human behavior in fire[J]. Science and Technology of West China,2010,9(8):4-6,59.
[15]张博思,张佳庆,孟燕华.性能化防火设计中设定人员安全判据研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2017,27(2):41-46.ZHANG Bosi,ZHANG Jiaqing,MENG Yanhua. Study on establishing personnel safety criteria in performance-based fire design[J]. China Safety Science Journal,2017,27(2):41-46.
[16]姜子港,刘晓栋,霍非舟,等.基于Pathfinder的商场人员疏散仿真[J].火灾科学,2014,23(3):175-181.JIANG Zigang,LIU Xiaodong,HUO Feizhou,et al. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation in a market by Pathfinder[J].Fire Safety Science,2014,23(3):175-181.
[17]游宇航,李元洲,霍然,等.水喷淋控制下小室火灾的数值模拟研究[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(5):613-617.YOU Yuhang,LI Yuanzhou,HUO Ran,et al. Numerical simulation study on cabin fire under sprinkler control[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2006,25(5):613-617.
[18]冯瑶,朱国庆.航站楼安全疏散策略分析及验证[J].消防科学与技术,2014,33(5):514-517.FENG Yao,ZHU Guoqing. Analysis and verification about safe evacuation strategy of airport terminal[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2014,33(5):514-517.
[19]宋洋,凌竹,张俊鹏.基于BIM的民用机场航站楼防火疏散安全管理[J].消防科学与技术,2017,36(12):1 735-1 737.SONG Yang,LING Zhu,ZHANG Junpeng. Fire evacuation safety management of civil airport terminal building based on BIM[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2017,36(12):1 735-1 737.
[20]张志魁.基于Pyrosim和Pathfinder的建筑火灾数值模拟和安全疏散研究[D].天津:天津理工大学,2015.ZHANG Zhikui. Study of numerical simulation fire and evacuation of experiment building based on Pyrosim and Pathfinder[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University of Technology,2015.
[2]朱蕾.大型航站楼的消防设计探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2008,27(11):807-809.ZHU Lei. Abstract of firework design for large-scale terminal[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2008,27(11):807-809.
[3]彭华.大型机场航站楼火灾风险评估方法研究[J].建筑科学,2016,32(1):108-113.PENG Hua. Study on fire risk evaluation method of large airport terminal[J]. Building Science,2016,32(1):108-113.
[4]李春娥,张永全,史凤霞,等.某航站楼人员疏散的仿真模拟研究[J].西华大学学报:自然科学版,2007,26(5):66-68.LI Chun'e,ZHANG Yongquan,SHI Fengxia,et al. Simulation of personnel evacuation at an air terminal[J]. Journal of Xihua University:Natural Science Edition,2007,26(5):66-68.
[5] LI Li,HUANG Zhixiang,ZHOU Xiaoqing. Numerical simulation of smoke spread and occupant evacuation for an airport terminal[J]. Building Energy&Environment,2016,35(8):57-60,63.
[6] CHOW W K. On the"cabin"fire safety design concept in the new Hong Kong airport terminal building[J]. Journal of Fire Sciences,1997,15(4):404-423.
[7] BEEVER Paula. Cabins and islands:a fire protection strategy for an international airport terminal building[C]. Third International Fire Safety Science Symposium. Edinburgh,1991:709-718.
[8]王盟,徐宇工,胡仁,等.地铁列车中可燃物热释放速率的测定[J].城市轨道交通研究,2006(9):47-49.WANG Meng,XU Yugong,HU Ren,et al. Testing of combustibles heat release rate in subway train[J]. Urban Mass Transit,2006(9):47-49.
[9] DINENNO P J,BEYLER C L,CUSTER R L P,et al. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering(2ndEdition)[M].Boston:Society of Fire Protection Engineers and the National Fire Protection Association,1995:Chapter 1-3.
[10] British Standards Institution. Fire safety engineering:design fire scenarios and design fires[DB/CD],1997.
[11]凌竹,李鹏哲.基于建筑信息模型的机场航站楼火灾疏散研究[J].科技与创新,2017(2):3-5.LING Zhu,LI Pengzhe. Study on fire evacuation of airport terminal building based on building information model[J].Science and Technology&Innovation,2017(2):3-5.
[12]宋洋,凌竹.民用机场航站楼火灾应急疏散研究[J].消防科学与技术,2016,35(10):1 384-1 387.SONG Yang,LING Zhu. The study on fire emergency evacuation of the civil airport terminal building[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2016,35(10):1 384-1 387.
[13] GB50016—2014,建筑设计防火规范[S].GB50016-2014,Code for fire protection design of buildings[S].
[14]易亮,朱书敏,徐志胜,等.火灾影响下人员行为量化分析研究[J].中国西部科技,2010,9(8):4-6,59.YI Liang,ZHU Shumin,XU Zhisheng,et al. Quantitative study on human behavior in fire[J]. Science and Technology of West China,2010,9(8):4-6,59.
[15]张博思,张佳庆,孟燕华.性能化防火设计中设定人员安全判据研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2017,27(2):41-46.ZHANG Bosi,ZHANG Jiaqing,MENG Yanhua. Study on establishing personnel safety criteria in performance-based fire design[J]. China Safety Science Journal,2017,27(2):41-46.
[16]姜子港,刘晓栋,霍非舟,等.基于Pathfinder的商场人员疏散仿真[J].火灾科学,2014,23(3):175-181.JIANG Zigang,LIU Xiaodong,HUO Feizhou,et al. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation in a market by Pathfinder[J].Fire Safety Science,2014,23(3):175-181.
[17]游宇航,李元洲,霍然,等.水喷淋控制下小室火灾的数值模拟研究[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(5):613-617.YOU Yuhang,LI Yuanzhou,HUO Ran,et al. Numerical simulation study on cabin fire under sprinkler control[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2006,25(5):613-617.
[18]冯瑶,朱国庆.航站楼安全疏散策略分析及验证[J].消防科学与技术,2014,33(5):514-517.FENG Yao,ZHU Guoqing. Analysis and verification about safe evacuation strategy of airport terminal[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2014,33(5):514-517.
[19]宋洋,凌竹,张俊鹏.基于BIM的民用机场航站楼防火疏散安全管理[J].消防科学与技术,2017,36(12):1 735-1 737.SONG Yang,LING Zhu,ZHANG Junpeng. Fire evacuation safety management of civil airport terminal building based on BIM[J]. Fire Science and Technology,2017,36(12):1 735-1 737.
[20]张志魁.基于Pyrosim和Pathfinder的建筑火灾数值模拟和安全疏散研究[D].天津:天津理工大学,2015.ZHANG Zhikui. Study of numerical simulation fire and evacuation of experiment building based on Pyrosim and Pathfinder[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University of Technology,2015.