泥河湾盆地二道梁旧石器时代晚期遗址发掘简报
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摘要
泥河湾盆地拥有较为丰富的旧石器时代晚期遗存,其中多处遗存包含楔形石核、锥形石核技术,其文化内涵在细石器研究领域具有重要意义。2002年7月,考古队员在盆地东部岑家湾台地北缘发现了二道梁遗址,随即进行发掘,揭露面积31m~2,出土包含石制品、动物化石及骨制品等文化遗物2000余件。遗址埋藏于桑干河右岸第三级基座阶地上部,上覆黄土状堆积,文化层厚约0.2m,属水动力较弱的河流堆积。石制品原料多为采自附近阶地的砾石层或桑干河及洞沟河漫滩上的燧石;打片技术分为直接和间接两种,石核和石片全部使用锤击法,间接打片技术主要表现在船形石核的制备和细石叶的剥取上;石器类型包括雕刻器、刮削器及琢背刀。石器组合特征显示该遗址文化面貌属于典型的细石器工业。骨化石~(14)C测年结果为18085±235 BP,属旧石器时代晚期的较晚阶段。二道梁遗址是泥河湾盆地中首次发现的以船形石核作为主要技术类型、且以此为代表的细石器工业遗存,对研究泥河湾盆地乃至中国北方细石器工业不同技术类型、及所蕴含的人类扩散与技术交流等学术问题具有重要意义。
There are many Upper Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan basin. Microblade technologies, characterized by wedge-shaped cores and conical cores, along with their cultural connotations, make the Nihewan basin a key area for study of microblade technology in North China. In July, 2002, the Erdaoliang site was discovered by the authors in the north margin of the Cenjiawan Platform in the eastern part of Nihewan basin. The site was excavated by the same archaeological team. The excavation exposed an area of 31 m~2. More than 2000 archaeological remains, including stone artifacts, animal fossils, and bone artifacts, were unearthed from the site. The site was buried in the upper part of the 3rd terrace of the right bank of the Sanggan River. The stratigraphic profile consists mainly of alluvial deposits, which are capped by loess. The archaeological layer, probably disturbed by gentle river flow, has a total thickness of 0.2 m. Lithic raw materials were locally available from ancient riverbeds or the floodplain of the Sanggan River, and chert is the predominant raw material type. The flaking techniques can be classified as both direct and indirect percussion. Cores and flakes were made by direct percussion, while the boat-shaped cores and microblades were manufactured by indirect percussion. Three retouched tools are identified, namely burins, scrapers, and backed knives. Judging from the characteristics of the lithic assemblage, the cultural tradition of Erdaoliang site can be assigned to microblade technology. ~(14)C dating of a bone fragment yielded an age of 18085±235 BP, which places the site in the Upper Paleolithic. The lithic technology of Erdaoliang site is the first discovery of microblade technology charactersied by boat-shaped cores in the Nihewan basin. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the analysis of the Erdaoliang archaeological remains will have great significance for study of different microblade technology traditions, early human dispersal, and technological exchange in the Nihewan basin in North China.
There are many Upper Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan basin. Microblade technologies, characterized by wedge-shaped cores and conical cores, along with their cultural connotations, make the Nihewan basin a key area for study of microblade technology in North China. In July, 2002, the Erdaoliang site was discovered by the authors in the north margin of the Cenjiawan Platform in the eastern part of Nihewan basin. The site was excavated by the same archaeological team. The excavation exposed an area of 31 m~2. More than 2000 archaeological remains, including stone artifacts, animal fossils, and bone artifacts, were unearthed from the site. The site was buried in the upper part of the 3rd terrace of the right bank of the Sanggan River. The stratigraphic profile consists mainly of alluvial deposits, which are capped by loess. The archaeological layer, probably disturbed by gentle river flow, has a total thickness of 0.2 m. Lithic raw materials were locally available from ancient riverbeds or the floodplain of the Sanggan River, and chert is the predominant raw material type. The flaking techniques can be classified as both direct and indirect percussion. Cores and flakes were made by direct percussion, while the boat-shaped cores and microblades were manufactured by indirect percussion. Three retouched tools are identified, namely burins, scrapers, and backed knives. Judging from the characteristics of the lithic assemblage, the cultural tradition of Erdaoliang site can be assigned to microblade technology. ~(14)C dating of a bone fragment yielded an age of 18085±235 BP, which places the site in the Upper Paleolithic. The lithic technology of Erdaoliang site is the first discovery of microblade technology charactersied by boat-shaped cores in the Nihewan basin. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the analysis of the Erdaoliang archaeological remains will have great significance for study of different microblade technology traditions, early human dispersal, and technological exchange in the Nihewan basin in North China.
引文
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[2]安志敏.海拉尔的中石器遗存—兼论细石器的起源和传统[J].考古学报,1978,(3):1-12
[3]谢飞.河北旧石器时代晚期细石器文化遗存的分布及在华北马蹄形分布带中的位置[J].文物春秋,2000,(2):15-25,29
[4]卫奇.泥河湾盆地半山早更新世旧石器遗址初探[J].人类学学报,1994,13(3):223-238
[5]谢飞,李珺.岑家湾旧石器时代早期文化遗物及地点性质的研究[J].人类学学报,1993,12(3):224-234
[6]卫奇,孟浩,成胜泉.泥河湾层中新发现一处旧石器地点[J].人类学学报,1985,4(3):223-232
[7]中美泥河湾考古队.飞梁遗址发掘报告[C].见:河北省文物研究所编,河北省考古文集[A],北京:北京东方出版社,1998,1-29
[8]尤玉柱,汤英俊,李毅.泥河湾组旧石器的发现[J].中国第四纪研究,1980,(1):1-11
[9]陈淳,沈辰,陈万勇,等.河北阳原小长梁遗址1998年发掘报告[J].人类学学报,1999,18(3):225-239
[10]卫奇.泥河湾盆地旧石器遗址地质序列[C].见:古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所参加第13届国际第四纪大会论文选[A].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1991,61-73
[11]谢飞,成胜泉.河北阳原油房细石器发掘报告[J].人类学报,1989,8(1):59-68
[12]李炎贤,谢飞,石金明.河北阳原板井子地点石制品的初步研究[C].见:古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所参加第13届国际第四纪大会论文选[A].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1991,74-95
[13]谢飞.泥河湾盆地旧石器文化研究新进展[J].人类学学报,1991,10(4):324-332
[14]李珺,谢飞.马圈沟旧石器时代早期遗址发掘报告[C].见:河北省文物研究所编,河北省考古文集[A],北京:北京东方出版社,1998,30-45
[15]Toth N.The Oldowan reassessed:a close look at early stone artifacts[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1985,12:101-120
[16]王幼平.雕刻器实验研究[C].见:北京大学考古文博学院编,考古学研究(二)[A].北京:文物出版社,1992,72—78
[17]盖培,卫奇.虎头梁旧石器时代晚期遗址的发现[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1977,15(4):287-300
[18]谢飞,李珺.籍箕滩旧石器时代晚期细石器遗址[J].文物春秋,1993(2):1-22,70