旧大陆东西方比较视野下的细石器起源再讨论
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摘要
东亚细石器出现于旧石器时代晚期,其特点是从以棱柱形石核、船形石核和楔形石核为代表的复杂结构的细石核上生产细石叶,其中楔形细石核的几何组织结构更为特殊。旧大陆西侧的早期细石器出现于距今6万多年前,其要义在于小石叶技术和修背技术,到旧石器时代晚期实现了修理方式的多样化和复杂化,并于2万年以后出现"几何形细石器"。东亚地区旧石器时代晚期突然出现的细石器并非基于本地传统,反而显示出与旧大陆西侧的渊源关系。
Microblade industry in East Asia appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. It was characterized by knapping microblades from complicated microcores whose geometric organizations were represented by prismatic cores, wedge-shaped cores and boatshaped cores, of which the wedge-shaped cores were the most distinctive. In the west of Old World, early microlithics appeared around 60, 000 BP, the big issue of which lies in the bladelet technology and backing technology, The microlithics became diversified and complicated in the Upper Paleolithic, and evolved into geometric types around 20, 000 BP. The sudden emergence of the microblade industry in East Asia indicates a non-local technological tradition, on the contrary, showing a deep technological relationship with the western Eurasia.
Microblade industry in East Asia appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. It was characterized by knapping microblades from complicated microcores whose geometric organizations were represented by prismatic cores, wedge-shaped cores and boatshaped cores, of which the wedge-shaped cores were the most distinctive. In the west of Old World, early microlithics appeared around 60, 000 BP, the big issue of which lies in the bladelet technology and backing technology, The microlithics became diversified and complicated in the Upper Paleolithic, and evolved into geometric types around 20, 000 BP. The sudden emergence of the microblade industry in East Asia indicates a non-local technological tradition, on the contrary, showing a deep technological relationship with the western Eurasia.
引文
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[39]同[37].
[40]同[35]b.
[41]陈宥成,曲彤丽.旧大陆视野下的中国旧石器晚期小型两面器溯源.人类学学报,待刊.
[2]贾兰坡.中国细石器的特征和它的传统、起源与分布.古脊椎动物与古人类,1978,16(2).
[3]安志敏.海拉尔的中石器遗存-兼论细石器的起源和传统.考古学报,1978,(3).
[4]陈宥成,曲彤丽.“两面器技术”源流小考.华夏考古,2015,(1).
[5]陈宥成,曲彤丽.“勒瓦娄哇技术”源流管窥.考古,2015,(2).
[6]陈宥成,曲彤丽.旧石器时代旧大陆东西方的石器技术格局.中原文物,2017,(6).
[7]杜水生.楔型石核的类型划分与细石器起源.人类学学报,2004(增刊).
[8]王幼平.泥河湾盆地细石器技术、年代及相关问题.古代文明(第8卷),北京:文物出版社,2010.
[9]王建,王益人.下川细石核形制研究.人类学学报,1991,10(1).
[10]同[3].
[11]仪明洁.细石器研究中几个关键概念的厘定.考古与文物,2014,(05).
[12]同[1].
[13]杜水生,钟家让.泥河湾盆地旧石器时代晚期考古地质序列的建立及意义//山西省考古研究所,山西省考古学会.太原:山西古籍出版社,2000.
[14]Steven L.Kuhn.Pioneers of Microlithization:The“Proto-Aurignacian”of Southern Europe,in:Robert G.Elston,Steven L.Kuhn,Thinking Small:Global Perspectives on Microlithization,Amer Anthropological Assn,2002.
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[16]Anthony E.Marks,Nuno Bicho,Jo?o Zilh?o,et al.Upper Pleistocene Prehistory in Portuguese Estremadura:Results of Preliminary Research.Journal of Field Archaeology,1994,21(1):53-68.
[17]Ofer Bar-Yosef and Ann Killebrew.Wadi Sayakh-AGeometric Kebaran site in Southern Sinai.Paléorient,1984,10(2):95-102.
[18]Ron Shimelmitz,Ran Barkai and Avi Gopher.The geometric kebaran microlithic assemblage of Ain Miri,Northern Israel.Paléorient,2004,30(2):127-140.
[19]Stanley H.Ambrose.Small Things Remembered:Origins of Early Microlithic Industries in SubSaharan Africa,In:Robert G.Elston,Steven L.Kuhn,Thinking Small:Global Perspectives on Microlithization,Amer Anthropological Assn,2002.
[20]a.Zenobia Jacobs,Richard G.Roberts,Rex F.Galbraith et al..Ages for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa:implications for human behavior and dispersal.Science,2008,322:733-735.b.Christopher Stuart Henshilwood,Beno?t Dubreuil.The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort,77-59 Ka.Current Anthropology,2011,52(3):361-400.
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[23]Christian A.Tryon,J.Tyler Faith.Variability in the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa.Current Anthropology,2013,54(8):234-254.
[24]同[14].
[25]Wierer U.Variability and standardization:The early Gravettian lithic complex of Grotta Paglicci,Southern Italy.Quaternary International,2013(288):215-238.
[26]Michael P.Neeley.Going Microlithic:A Levantine P e r s p e c t i v e o n t h e A d o p t i o n o f M i c r o l i t h i c Technologies,In:Robert G.Elston,Steven L.Kuhn,Thinking Small:Global Perspectives on Microlithization,Amer Anthropological Assn,2002.
[27]Anna Belfer-Cohen,Nigel Goring-Morris.Why Microliths?Microlithization in the Levant,In:Robert G.Elston,Steven L.Kuhn,Thinking Small:Global Perspectives on Microlithization,Amer Anthropological Assn,2002.
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[33]陈宥成,曲彤丽.石叶技术相关问题再探讨.待刊.
[34]Derevianko,A.,Shunkov,M.and Markin,S.The dynamics of the Paleolithic Industries in Africa and Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene and the issue of the Homo sapien origin,Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press,2014.
[35]a.陈虹.华北细石叶工艺的文化适应研究--晋冀地区部分旧石器时代晚期遗址的考古学分析.浙江大学出版社,2011.b.王幼平,张松林,顾万发,等.李家沟遗址的石器工业.人类学学报,2013,(4).
[36]a.Chiotti L.Lamelles Dufour et grattoirs aurignaciens(carénés etàmuseau)de la couche 8 de l’abri Pataud,Les Eyzies-de-Tayac,Dordogne.L’Anthropologie,2000,104:239-263.b.Nicolas Teyssandier.Revolution or Evolution:The Emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.World Archaeology,2008,40(4):493-519.
[37]同[14].
[38]Ofer Bar-Yosef,Anna Belfer-Cohen,Daniel S.Adler.The Implications of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic Chronological Boundary in the Caucasus to Eurasian Prehistory.Anthropology,2006,XLIV(1):49-60.
[39]同[37].
[40]同[35]b.
[41]陈宥成,曲彤丽.旧大陆视野下的中国旧石器晚期小型两面器溯源.人类学学报,待刊.