草原露天矿区复垦地与未损毁地土壤物理性质对比
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摘要
以草原露天矿区为例,对比神华北电胜利露天煤矿南、北排土场复垦地和原地貌未损毁地土壤容重、土壤含水率、土壤砾石含量和土壤质地等物理指标,采用方差分析和拟合分析方法,研究复垦地与未损毁地土壤物理性质的差异性及其产生原因。结果表明:(1)复垦8 a的北排土场与复垦4 a的南排土场土壤容重、土壤含水率和土壤砾石含量均高于未损毁地土壤,而南排土场与未损毁地均为砂质壤土,北排土场为砂质黏壤土,拟合分析发现土壤砾石含量与土壤质地影响土壤容重和土壤含水率。(2)随着复垦年限延长,重构土壤容重、土壤砾石含量和砂粒含量呈现降低趋势,而土壤含水率、粉粒和黏粒含量呈现升高趋势;随着土层深度的增加,重构土壤容重、土壤含水率、粉粒和黏粒含量呈现升高趋势,而土壤砾石含量和砂粒含量呈现降低趋势。(3)总的来说,复垦8 a的北排土场土壤物理性质优于复垦4 a的南排土场,与未损毁地更为接近,其>20～40 cm土层土壤含水率明显高于0～20 cm土层,这可能是因为煤矸石具有良好保水性能,利用表土和煤矸石分层构建土壤剖面可能是表土稀缺的草原矿区土地复垦较理想的土壤重构模式。
Taking the opencast mine of grassland as an example,comparison was made on the physical properties of soil bulk density,soil moisture content,soil gravel content and soil texture in the reclaimed land of south and north dumps and the undamaged land of the Shenhua Beidian Shengli Opencast Mine. The methods of variance analysis and fitting analysis were adopted to analyze the differences in physical properties of reclaimed and undamaged soils and the reasons for the differences. The results show that:(1)Soil bulk density,soil moisture content and soil gravel content in the 8-year reclaimed north dump and the 4-year reclaimed south dump are higher than those of in the undamaged land,while the soils of the south dump and the undamaged land are sandy loam,and the soil of the north dump is sandy clay loam. The fitting analysis shows that the soil bulk density and soil moisture content were affected by soil gravel content and soil texture.(2)With the extension of the reclamation years,soil bulk density,soil gravel content and sand content of soil texture showed a decreasing trend,while soil moisture content,silt content and clay content showed an increasing trend. With the increase of soil depth,soil bulk density,soil moisture content,silt content and clay content showed an increasing trend,while soil gravel content and sand content showed a decreasing trend.(3)In general,the soil physical properties of the 8-year reclaimed north dump are better than those of the 4-year reclaimed south dump,which is closer to the undestroyed land. Soil moisture content of the >20-40 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of the 0-20 cm soil layer,which indicates that coal gangue has good water retention capacity. It is an ideal soil reconstruction model using of topsoil and coal gangue to construct the soil profile for land reclamation in the grassland mining area where the topsoil is scarce.
Taking the opencast mine of grassland as an example,comparison was made on the physical properties of soil bulk density,soil moisture content,soil gravel content and soil texture in the reclaimed land of south and north dumps and the undamaged land of the Shenhua Beidian Shengli Opencast Mine. The methods of variance analysis and fitting analysis were adopted to analyze the differences in physical properties of reclaimed and undamaged soils and the reasons for the differences. The results show that:(1)Soil bulk density,soil moisture content and soil gravel content in the 8-year reclaimed north dump and the 4-year reclaimed south dump are higher than those of in the undamaged land,while the soils of the south dump and the undamaged land are sandy loam,and the soil of the north dump is sandy clay loam. The fitting analysis shows that the soil bulk density and soil moisture content were affected by soil gravel content and soil texture.(2)With the extension of the reclamation years,soil bulk density,soil gravel content and sand content of soil texture showed a decreasing trend,while soil moisture content,silt content and clay content showed an increasing trend. With the increase of soil depth,soil bulk density,soil moisture content,silt content and clay content showed an increasing trend,while soil gravel content and sand content showed a decreasing trend.(3)In general,the soil physical properties of the 8-year reclaimed north dump are better than those of the 4-year reclaimed south dump,which is closer to the undestroyed land. Soil moisture content of the >20-40 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of the 0-20 cm soil layer,which indicates that coal gangue has good water retention capacity. It is an ideal soil reconstruction model using of topsoil and coal gangue to construct the soil profile for land reclamation in the grassland mining area where the topsoil is scarce.
引文
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[20]陕永杰,张美萍,白中科,等.平朔安太堡大型露天矿区土壤质量演变过程分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(4):565-568.[SHAN Yong-jie,ZHANG Mei-ping,BAI Zhong-ke,et al. Investi-gation on the Evolution of Soil Quality in the Antaibao Large-Scaled Opencast Area[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(4):565-568.]
[21]王金满,郭凌俐,白中科,等.黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦后土壤与植被的演变规律[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):223-232.[WANG Jin-man,GUO Ling-li,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Succession Law of Reclaimed Soil and Vegetation on Opencast Coal Mine Dump of Loess Area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(21):223-232.]
[22]朱丽,秦富仓.露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测:以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(4):111-115,137.[ZHU Li,QIN Fu-cang. Forecast of Soil and Water Loss in Opencast Coal Mine:Based on No. 1 Coal Mine in Shengli Diggings of Inner Mongolia[J]. Bullet in of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(4):111-115,137.]
[23]郭琦,王新杰.不同混交模式杉木人工林林下植被生物量与土壤物理性质研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(5):70-74.[GUO Qi,WANG Xin-jie. Undergrowth Biomass and Soil Physical Properties Under Cunninghamia lanceolata With Differ-ent Patterns of Mixed Forests[J]. Journal of Central South Univer-sity of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(5):70-74.]
[24]吴克宁,赵瑞.土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨[J].土壤学报,2019,56(1):227-241.[WU Ke-ning,ZHAO Rui. Soil Texture Classification and Its Application in China[J]. Acta Pe-dologica Sinica,2019,56(1):227-241.]
[25]蔡文涛,李贺祎,来利明,等.鄂尔多斯高原弃耕农田恢复过程中土壤物理性质和生物结皮的变化[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(3):829-837.[CAI Wen-tao,LI He-wei,LAI Li-ming,et al. Dynamics of Soil Physical Properties and Biological Soil Crust During the Vegetation Restoration Process of Abandoned Croplands in the Ordos Plateau,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ap-plied Ecology,2017,28(3):829-837.]
[26]宋杨睿,王金满,李新凤,等.高潜水位采煤塌陷区重构土壤水分运移规律模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):143-148,154.[SONG Yang-rui,WANG Jin-man,LI Xin-feng,et al.Simulation of Moisture Transfer Law With Different Soil Recon-struction Models in Coal Mining Subsided Area With High Ground-Water Level[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):143-148,154.]
[27]刘愫倩,徐绍辉,李晓鹏,等.土体构型对土壤水氮储运的影响研究进展[J].土壤,2016,48(2):219-224.[LIU Su-qian,XU Shao-hui,LI Xiao-peng,et al. Effects of Soil Profile Configu-ration on Soil Water and Nitrogen Storage and Transportation:A Review[J]. Soils,2016,48(2):219-224.]
[28] TD/T 1036—2013,土地复垦质量控制标准[S].[TD/T 1036-2013,Completion Standards on Land Reclamation Quality[S].]
[2]黄丹勇.矿区土地复垦与生态环境恢复综述[J].湖南有色金属,2011,27(6):45-48.[HUANG Dan-yong. Investigation and Practice on Mining Land Rehabilitation[J]. Hunan Nonferrous Metals,2011,27(6):45-48.]
[3] CAO Y G,DALLIMER M,STRINGER L C,et al. Land Expropria-tion Compensation Among Multiple Stakeholders in a Mining Ar-ea:Explaining“Skeleton House”Compensation[J]. Land Use Policy,2018,74:97-110.
[4]王莉,张和生.国内外矿区土地复垦研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):294-300.[WANG Li,ZHANG He-sheng.The Rsearch Progress of Land Reclamation in Mining Area in Do-mestic and Abroad[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(1):294-300.]
[5] HUANG Y H,KUANG X Y,CAO Y G,et al. The Soil Chemical Properties of Reclaimed Land in an Arid Grassland Dump in an Opencast Mining Area in China[J]. RSC Advances,2018,8(72):41499-41508.
[6]郭凌俐,王金满,张萌,等.草原露天煤矿区不同复垦模式效果对比[J].金属矿山,2014,43(6):150-155.[GUO Ling-li,WANG Jin-man,ZHANG Meng,et al. Effects Comparison of Dif-ferent Reclamation Modes in Grassland Opencast Coalmine Area[J]. Metal Mine,2014,43(6):150-155.]
[7] CAO Y G,BAI Z K,SUN Q,et al. Rural Settlement Changes in Compound Land Use Areas:Characteristics and Reasons of Changes in a Mixed Mining-Rural-Settlement Area in Shanxi Province,China[J]. Habitat International,2017,61:9-21.
[8]孙琦,白中科,曹银贵,等.特大型露天煤矿土地损毁生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):278-288.[SUN Qi,BAI Zhong-ke,CAO Yin-gui,et al. Ecological Risk Assessment of Land Destruction in Large Open-Pit Mine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(17):278-288.]
[9]席小康,朱仲元,郝祥云,等.锡林河流域草原生物量对环境因子的响应[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(6):949-955.[XI Xiao-kang,ZHU Zhong-yuan,HAO Xiang-yun,et al. Response of Grassland Biomass to Environmental Factors in Xilin River Basin[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2017,26(6):949-955.
[10]王党朝,刘慧芳,肖武,等.胜利一号露天煤矿北排土场土壤物理性质空间分布研究[J].中国煤炭,2018,44(11):135-140,145.[WANG Dang-chao,LIU Hui-fang,XIAO Wu,et al.Research on Spatial Distribution of Soil Physical Properties in North Dump of Shengli No. 1 Opencast Coal Mine[J]. China Coal,2018,44(11):135-140,145.]
[11]曹银贵,白中科,张耿杰,等.山西平朔露天矿区复垦农用地表层土壤质量差异对比[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(12):2422-2428.[CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke,ZHANG Geng-jie,et al. Soil Quality of Surface Reclaimed Farmland in Large Open-Cast Mining Area of Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(12):2422-2428.]
[12]程林森,雷少刚,卞正富.半干旱区煤炭开采对土壤含水量的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(2):219-223.[CHENG Lin-sen,LEI Shao-gang,BIAN Zheng-fu. Effect of Coal Mining on Soil Moisture Content in Semi-Arid Areas[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(2):219-223.]
[13] CAO Y G,WANG J M,BAI Z K,et al. Differentiation and Mecha-nisms on Physical Properties of Reconstructed Soils on Open-Cast Mine Dump of Loess Area[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(8):6367-6380.
[14] PAN J,BAI Z K,CAO Y G,et al. Influence of Soil Physical Prop-erties and Vegetation Coverage at Different Slope Aspects in a Re-claimed Dump[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search,2017,24(30):23953-23965.
[15] LEWIS D E,WHITE J R,WAFULA D,et al. Soil Functional Di-versity Analysis of a Bauxite-Mined Restoration Chronosequence[J]. Microbial Ecology,2010,59(4):710-723.
[16] BANNING N C,LALOR B M,COOKSON W R,et al. Analysis of Soil Microbial Community Level Physiological Profiles in Native and Post-Mining Rehabilitation Forest:Which Substrates Discrim-inate?[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2012,56:27-34.
[17]张萌.黄土区露天煤矿排土场重构土壤颗粒分布的多重分形特征[D].北京:中国地质大学,2014.[ZHANG Meng.Multi-Fractal Characteristics of Reconstructed Soil Particle in Opencast Coal Mine Dump in Loess Area[D]. Beijing:China Uni-versity of Geosciences,2014.]
[18]梁博,林田苗,任德智,等.土地利用方式对雅江中游土壤理化性质及颗粒分形特征的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(3):613-621.[LIANG Bo,LIN Tian-miao,REN De-zhi,et al. Effects of Land Use Types on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Fractal Characteristics of Soil Particles in Middle Reaches of Yajiang River[J]. Soils,2018,50(3):613-621.]
[19]许建伟,李晋川,白中科,等.黄土区大型露天矿复垦地土壤对植物多样性的影响研究:以平朔安太堡露天矿排土场为例[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(4):48-51.[XU Jian-wei,LI Jin-chuan,BAI Zhong-ke,et al. Effect of Reclamation Land Soil to Plant Diversity in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine Loess Zone:A Case of Discharged Soil Field in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(4):48-51.]
[20]陕永杰,张美萍,白中科,等.平朔安太堡大型露天矿区土壤质量演变过程分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(4):565-568.[SHAN Yong-jie,ZHANG Mei-ping,BAI Zhong-ke,et al. Investi-gation on the Evolution of Soil Quality in the Antaibao Large-Scaled Opencast Area[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(4):565-568.]
[21]王金满,郭凌俐,白中科,等.黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦后土壤与植被的演变规律[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):223-232.[WANG Jin-man,GUO Ling-li,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Succession Law of Reclaimed Soil and Vegetation on Opencast Coal Mine Dump of Loess Area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(21):223-232.]
[22]朱丽,秦富仓.露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测:以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(4):111-115,137.[ZHU Li,QIN Fu-cang. Forecast of Soil and Water Loss in Opencast Coal Mine:Based on No. 1 Coal Mine in Shengli Diggings of Inner Mongolia[J]. Bullet in of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(4):111-115,137.]
[23]郭琦,王新杰.不同混交模式杉木人工林林下植被生物量与土壤物理性质研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(5):70-74.[GUO Qi,WANG Xin-jie. Undergrowth Biomass and Soil Physical Properties Under Cunninghamia lanceolata With Differ-ent Patterns of Mixed Forests[J]. Journal of Central South Univer-sity of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(5):70-74.]
[24]吴克宁,赵瑞.土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨[J].土壤学报,2019,56(1):227-241.[WU Ke-ning,ZHAO Rui. Soil Texture Classification and Its Application in China[J]. Acta Pe-dologica Sinica,2019,56(1):227-241.]
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[26]宋杨睿,王金满,李新凤,等.高潜水位采煤塌陷区重构土壤水分运移规律模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):143-148,154.[SONG Yang-rui,WANG Jin-man,LI Xin-feng,et al.Simulation of Moisture Transfer Law With Different Soil Recon-struction Models in Coal Mining Subsided Area With High Ground-Water Level[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):143-148,154.]
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